NOTE:
I put this page together as information became available to me so it's
not laid out very well, however everything is here and in the order
that I recieved the information.
At the bottom of the page you will find links to the original PDF files.
Dear Torbjon,
Thank you for your enquiry and so glad
that you liked the show.
I've attached the only documents I
have in soft copy format. You'll see from the email, however, that I
got them from a researcher called Andrew Johnson, whose email address
is on the cover note. May I suggest you et in touch with him directly.
Please give him my regards when you do.
Good luck in your own researches and
let me know how you got on.
Best wishes,
Nick Cook
-----
Original Message -----
From:
Andrew Johnson
To: Nick Cook
Cc: Grant Cameron
Sent: Monday, March 07, 2005 12:37 PM
Subject: More info Douglas Aircraft Documents
Nick,
As you can prob. guess, I am not an expert
in dealing with documents. On the face of them, however, I have no
reason to doubt there authenticity:
The documents were offered to Grant Cameron
(presidentialufo@presidency.com) - I have done a few bits and pieces
with Grant in the past. (Grant has done a great deal of research into
what the presidential archives show about the UFO phenomenon, he is
also the guy who put together the WB Smith material.)
They came from someone called Louis (I have
no other info about him) and he wanted to release them into the Public
Domain (unless Grant corrects me on this one!!). Grant may be able to
tell you more (use e-mail address above).
The documents are all dated, and most have document numbers and
most are signed. They are primarily authored by JM Brown and date
from 1967-69 - seems quite
late when taking into account your findings that most of the "open" research appeared to shut
off in the late 50's.
I am
going to process the document pages for posting on my Website www.ukffd.org (although someone
has mysteriously deleted my site in the last few days...)
I have
run the documents through my OCR software and so have attached the text
from the files which it has managed to recognize (a fair number of
errors could be present - I haven't any of it yet). The file name
of the attachment gives the date and title of the document (you
can do "Save All Attachments" if you want to save them to a folder on
your computer).
The
actual scanned documents have quite a few diagrams - if you
download that big Zip file
http://www.cognoscence.net/Douglas/DouglasDocs.zip
(torbtown note: this link seems to be
inactive)
you
will get the whole lot. I am now uploading a new version, with an additional 20 pages, which
were uploaded to my computer last night, so there are now 175 pages in
total (some of which are just cover pages though). The upload won't
finish till about 1:30pm today, however.
I will post all this lot on
a CD either today or tomorrow.
Best Wishes and Regards
Andrew
Andrew,
Many thanks indeed. Am looking
forward to reviewing them in a quiet moment. I'll look out for the
disc, too.
MEMORANDUM
DATE: 10-28-68
TO: R. M. Wood, A-830 A-830-BBO 1
-WPW- 12
FROM: W. P. Wilson, Jr., A-833
SSU
UBJECT: D(PERIMENTAL RESEARCH AND FIELD DATA ACQUISITIONPROJECT
VEHICLE
COPIES TO: J. M. Brown, D. B. Harmon, C. P. Thomas, A-833; File
REFERENCE:1) Prior Related Memoranda and Communications Appendix 1
2) Current Notes on Project Objective Approach Appendix 2
INTRODUCTION
During the project review and planning meeting of October
24 and 25, 1968 certain approaches to the objectives were
discussed. To further project objectives and as a corol
lary to recent theoretical work In the area of basic
particles and radiation, it appears quite advisable to
Implement and expedite the means to:
1)Conduct certain basic laboratory experiments.
2)Provide for related field observations and data
acquisition.
Experimental objectives are to:
1) Attempt to discover and examine any possible,
previously unobserved interaction, between
particles of mass or matter In steady state and
time variant electric and magnetic fields.
2) Emphasize simplicity, utility and effectiveness
- with adequate documentation for theoretical
analysis and considerations forpractical.
applications.
Field observations and data acquisition: Can be
accomplished by portable liself-sustaining" Installations
and mobile "on-the-spot" instrumentation and observational
capabilities. The primary objectives are:
1) Observe and record physical events coincidental to
anornallstic atmospheric occurrences.
2) Re-examine other natural physical events such as
high energy lightning discharges for possible
previously unobserved side effects - (gravity
gradient abberations, etc.).
3) Correlate data to serve as guides for laboratory
research and endpoint applications.
COPY No.
t A (.3 7- -A
DOUGLAS P!'.*: ,,,.TE
R. M. Wood, A-830 A-830-BBO 1
-WFYYJ- 12
10-28-68
Page 2
A br ief review of the referenced memoranda Indicates that
certain of the suggested experiments may be related generically
and as to basic hardware and Instrumentation requirements. A
comprehensive review of the material Is underway and a
categorical listing as to type and/or similarity will follow.
Experimental design philosophy*criteria as discussed at the
fast meeting is briefly tabulated:
Pros Cons
1.low Cost 1. Expensive
2 Gain.Knowledge Independent 2. Often Done Inadvertently
of Success or Failure
3.Uniqueness 3. Risky
4.Safety Considerations 4. Poorly Planned
5. logical Reason to ExpectResults 5. long Delays
6. Pertinent 6. High Visibility
7. Importancel 7. low Payoff
8.Difficult to Justify or
Explain
Additional considerations as to feasibility and priority should
be d.iscussed; from this a general plan of procedures can be
formulated.
Field Data Acquisition
The two-method approach of "portable self-sustaining" and
"Mobile" could be complimentary to the specific project
objectives in addition to supportIng the research of the Space
Sciences Department. To this end preliminary discussion with
the concerned people have been conducted and a "first level"
survey of possibly available "in-house" hardware Is underway.
As a result of a 28 October meeting, Or. William Hildreth will
submit a listing of preferred objectives and instrumentation&
requirements as related to the proposed lightning research. A
coupling of this information with the specific needs of the
"vehicle" project will produce a basic outfine as to the type,
quantity and approximate cost of the overall requirements.
ROUGLAC PRIVATE
DOUGLAS PRIVATE
R. M. Wood, A-830 A-830-13B01-WPW-12
10-28-68
Page 3
OTHER EXPERIMENTS
More recently certain other possibly complimentary and
supplemental experiments have been discussed. If they are not
redundant to other Items, they will be Integrated into the 9tems
to be considereC listing.
A. Atmospheric simulation of electron model.
8. Rotating charge (capacitor) voltage amplification.
C. Magnetic properties of moving current carrying conductor.
D. Magnetic field generation, rotating particles;
Measure, charge density - lifetime -
gravitational effects Influence on other
particles, etc.
E. Particle Radiation Interaction; Bombard
electrons with high energy photons under
various conditions.and measure for possible
gravitational effects.'
ITEMS FOR FURTHER CONSIDERATION
Note: The following material Is abstracted from various memoranda
and discussions of related experimental research. It is presented
as an aid to provide an orderly framework for additional
consideration. 'Tabulation Is In the order of Its appearance or
orijin and may be redundant in some cases.
SOURCE
Reference (1) 8-14-67 - Memorandum Brown - Wood. "Space
Propulsion Concepts".
Page 5 - "Try experiments to test conjectures
Item 1 Test matter magnetic field stability mechanism.
Page 6 - "Run experiment.s on the configuration . . . . . . .
Item 2 - Photon stability. - drag simulation (accelerate
compressed air to sonic speed).
Reference (2) - 12-20-67 - Memorandum Brown/Ha mon - Wood,
"Proposal For Etectrostaf"'tfc/Magnetic Experiment".
Pages 7 and 8 -
Item 3 - Electron and magnet Interaction (three part
experiment using same basic hardware).
DOUGLAS PRWATE
1
ROUGLAS MVATE
R. M. Wood, A.~830
A-830-13B01-VIPW-12
10-28-68
Page 4
Reference (3) - January 1968 - Research Report - K. M.
Evenson and A. D. Goedeke, "Ball lightning Research".
Reporting ball lightning and phenomena observations,
instrumentation and suggestions for future experiments
(see following Reference 11, "Unsolicited Proposal To
Investigate Ball Lightning").
Item 4 Mobile field data acqu;sition.capabilities.
Reference (4) 2-14-68 - Memorandum Brown/Harmon - Wood,
Turrently Prefe-rred Propulsion Concept".
Page 3 - Future Efforts
Item 5 - Discusses methods and emphasis on need for
performing experiments.
Reference (5) - 3-;-68 - Memorandum Wood - File, "UFO
Experiments".
Items 6 to ;9 Inclusive. A tabulation of 14 suggested
experiments some of which are related generically and
may be accomplished with similar ha rdwa re.
"Advanced Concepts
Reference (6) ~ 6-21-68 - Memorandum
Brown - WoodP Briefing".
Item 20 - Presents "Big Picture", discusses broad scope
of program and need for theoretical and experimental
research in specific areas.
Reference (7) - 6-27-68- Memorandum BrownWood, "Proposed Veh
icle P&D
Program". 1
Page 10 - Discusses vehicle development, philosophy
and methods of approach and various means for
experimental research.
Item 21 - Experiments to simulate elementary particles
(atmospheric model, electron simulation).
Pages 12 and 13
Item 22 Vagnetic field effect on light velocity".
Page 14
Item 23 "Generation of high magnet fields".
"Search for Interactions (Grav.1EM not
previously sought".
DOUGLAS PRWATE
DOUGLAS PRIVATE
R. M. Wood, A-830
A-830-BB01-WPW-12
10-28-68
Page 5
Reference (8) - 8-22-68 Memorandum Thomas Wood, `rhe New
Vehicle".
Pages 3 and 4 -
Item 24 - Discusses potential dangers of experimentation.
Reference (9) - 8-22-68 - Memorandum Thomas Wood, "Magnetic
Experiments".
Item 25 - Velocity of propagation of magnetic fleld.
Reference (10) - 8-22-68 - Memorandum Brown/Harmon/Wilson -
Wood, 11GA Propulsion System".
ltem"26 - Test for possible gravity amplification effects
In interaction of electron beam, magnetic field and
photon radiation configurations.
Reference (11) - 8-23-68 - Rpsearch Proposal Space Sciences
Department, 'Yroposal To Investigate Ball lightning".
Item - (Refer to Item J,'Field Data Acquisition
Facilities).
Reference ( 12) - 8-26-68 - Memorandum Thomas - Wood,
"Reconywnded Experiment".
Item 27 - Bennett Sturmertron G-Field Experiment.
Reference (13) - 8-27-68 - Memorandum Brown - Wood, "Concerning
The Absence Of Formal Eontact".
Discusses rationale and philosophy of a formal contact
with Inte'lligent beings of extraterrestrial origin.
Item 28 - Field research and data acquisition might
provide further relevant Information.
Reference (14) - 9-16-68 - Memorandum Brown Wood, "Current
Recommended Tasks for 3-6.Man Effort".
Experimental Approach -*Pages 6, 7 and 9.
Item 29 - Atmospheric model of electron.
Item 30 - Electromagnetic type of experiments.
Item 31 - Velocity of light/magnefic field experiments.
Item 32 -Ancillary Investigations of psi phenomena, etc.
DOUGLAS PRWATE
œ)0(J'3LA$ P RIWAT
R. M. Wood, A-830 A-830-BBO 1
-WPW-1 2
10-2d-68
Page 6
Reference (15) - 10-28-68 Page 3 this memorandum, "Other
Experiments".
Items 33 - 38 (Reference Experiments A, B, C, D, E).
SUMMARY
It Is hoped that a review of these Items and a further
consideration of potentially fruitful experimental research
wIll produce paths to the end product objectives. As a
budgetary consideration experimental thinking has. been
oriented to relate as much of*the research to the same
hardware as might be practical. Specific experiment design
and required engineering could follow a program analysis and
definition.
W. P. Wi Ison, Jr., A-833
WMmsb
DOUGLAS'P T1TATE'
1 NOEX
1 Memorandum A-830-BBOI-J~.1,3-2, dated 8-14-67, "SPACE
PROPULSION CONCEPTS",
to R. M. Wood from J. M. Brown.
2.Memorandum dated 12-20-67, "PROPOSAL FOR
ELECTROSTATIC/MAGNETIC
EXPERIMENTS% to R. M. Wood from J. M. Brown/I). B. Harmon.
3.Research Report DAC-60941, "BALL LIGHTNING RESEARCH AT
HIGHLAND LOOK(X.1T,
b0.~TANA", dated January 1968, by Space Sciences Department.
4,Memorandum A-830-BBOI-JtA,.B-1, dated 2-14-68P "CLIRRENTLY
PREFERRED PROPULSION
CONCEPT% to R. M. Wood from J. M. Brovin/l). B. Harmon.
5.Memorandum A~830-BB01-7, dated 1 March 1968, "UFO
EXPERIMENTS", to File
from R. M. Wood.
6.Memorandum A-830-B801-,1MB-3, dated 6-21-68 and Attachment
"ADVANCED
VEHICLE CONCEPTS RESEARCH" briefing charts, dated 2 May 1968,
to R. M.
Wood from J. M. Brown.
7.Memorandum A-830-B[301-JViB-2, dated 27 June 1968, "PROPOSED
VEHICLE R&D
PROGRAM (Project BITBR), to R. M. Wood from J. M. Brown.
8.Memorandum A-830-CPT-4, dated 8-22-68, ~ITHE NEW VEHICLE", to
R. M. Wood
from C. P. Thonlas.
9. Memorandum A-830-13B01-CPT-5, dated 8722-68, "MAGNETIC
EXPERIMENTS% to
R. M. Wood from C. P. Thomas
10.Memorandum A-830-131301-JMI3-6, dated 8-22-68, "GA PROPULSION
SYSTEM% to
R. M. Wood from J. M. Brown1D. B. liarmon/W. P. Wilson.
11.Research Proposal, Enclosure (1) to DAC Letter
A-13P1341~-68-508Q,
dated 23 August 1968 to ONR, "UNSOLICITED PROPOSAL TO
INVESTIGATE BALL
LIGHTNING PHENOMIENAll.
Communication, dated 8-16-68, C. R. Hill to Dr. R. M.
Wood, re: "BALL LIGHTNING PROGRAM FOR ONIR11.
12.Memorandum A-830-BBOI-CPT-7dated 8-26-68, 11RECOMMENDED EXP
ERIMENT", to
R. M. Wood from C. P. Thoma s.
13.Memorandum A~830~BBOI-JtA,.5-8, dated 8-27-68, "CONCERNING
THE ABSENCE OF
FORMAL CONTACT% to R. M. Wood from J. M. Brown.
14.Memorandum A-830-13601-JMI3-10, dated 9-16-68, "CURRENT
RECOMMENDED TASKS
FOR 3-6 MAN EFFORT", to R. M. Wood from J. M. Brown.
APPENDIX 2
MEMORANDUM
DATE: 8-22-68
ro: R. M. Wood, A-830 A-830-BBO 1
-JMI3-6
FROM: J . M. Brown/0. B. Harmon, Jr.S. P. Wilson, Jr., A-830
SUBJECT:GA PROR.ILSION SYSTEM
COPIES TO.. FI le
REFERENCE:
INTPODUCTION
This memorandum contains a description of a GA (Gravity
Amplification) propulsion system that may have
appli*cational possibilities. The s;nnlflcance of this
presentation Is that a complete propulsion system Is
described which has the two properties:
1.The system agrees In general concept with the kinetic
particle theory of physics.
2. The components of the system consist of known and
avallable,pleces of hardware.
From certain viewpoints the above statements may not seem
too Important, but In consideration of the advanced concepts
goals the descriptions presented here are significant. The
utility expected of this memorandum Is for guiding further
analyses and experiments.
CONCEPTUAL DESCRIPTION OF THF SYSTEM
2, All matter, and only matter . Is
believed to set uD a gravitational field. In the kinetic
particle theory the mechanism of the gravitational field is
presumed to be due to the collection by matter of ba sic
particles from the free field and then ejecting the
basfc'perticies In the form of a composite, non-matter and
non-radiation Interacting particle. This composite particle
Is the 9 Iton which moves at the speed of light and has an
angular momentum of 2W. in general, the basic particle
collection is frem an ennidirectional field and the
cempos;te particle emission is onni-directional. A net force
can be obtained by emitting all the pravitons In a given
direction - the force on the emitter will be oppos*lte the
graviton emission dlrect;on.
Such a*force for a vehicle on the earth's surface would be
twenty orders of magnitude less than the earth's
grav;tatfonal.force. In order to obtain .a 1 g propulsion
system, for example, It Is thus necessary to Increase the
graviton production rate by twenty orders of magnitude.
1
This gravitational mechanism used In this system is described
In Reference 1.
2 Ant'l-mat - ter Is a form of matter.
qcpy No.
DOUGLAS PRIVATE
DOUC-LAS
R. M. Wood, A-830 A-830-RBOI-JMR-6
8-22-68
Paqe 2
An electron is the smallest piece of matter which has been
identified. An electron Is believed to have a gravitational
field. The aravitons emitted by an electron probably either
are alonq the snin axis (and, if so, hopefully only In one
direction) or are perpendicular to the spin axis. Cii
rectionality of the graviton emission presumably can be
obtained by a'liqninq the electron spin vectors p using a
magnetic field, all in the same direction (and sense). An
additional maqnettc field may be reouired to assure qraviton
emission in a particular direction. Graviton production rate
presumably can be increased by usina extrerrely larqe steady
state magnetic fields (meqaqauss, or more) with a small, verv
high frequency component. A frequency corresponding to the
rate at which light goes around the electron classical
circumference may be required, i.e., 1023 cps, for this hIgh
frequency component.
SYSTS11 HARDVIARE
The system consists of an electron source to supply initial
electrons and to replace electrons which leak out, an
electron polarizer to alian the electron spin axes, a
torroidal electron accumulator which contains the aligned
electrons all movinq In a circular path,and a magnet external
to the electron accumulator, see Figure 1.
-~4,EC 7-,r- 0 oi
FIGURE 1
GRAVITY AMPLIFICATIOM PPOPULSin~l SCHPIATIC
DOUGLAS PP,
DOUGLAS MVATE*
R. bl. Wood, A-830' A-830-BRO I-VIB-6
8-22-68
Page 3
The electron source is simple. It must supply
electrons to fill the accumulator initially.
Subsenuent demands are made only to resupply electrons
which are accidentally lost frem the accumulator.
An electron polari*zer is used in q-factor experiments on
the electron. The polarizer afiqns the electron spin axes
all in the same direction but not in the same sense. A
sorter at the riqht end in Fiqure 1 takes those with one
sense and inserts them tanqentially into the accumulator.
The ones in the other sense are either dumped or turned
around and sent into the accurnulator In the same direction
as the other electrons.
The accumulator keeps the electrons moving all at one
prescribed speed at a given time and parallel to the
centroidal axis of the torrold. The electrons are presumed
to consist of srrall time varying density reqions so that
the electrons themselves form the hinh frequency component
of the magnetic field. The motion of the electrons produce a
larqe rragnetic field.
The external magnet produces the directionality of the
oraviton release -presumably normal to the paper in Figure
1, either in or out of the paper, but not in both
directions.
CWICLUDING REMARKS
There are a large number of conjectures In the conceptual
system described. Many of these conjectures for the various
components are amenable to analytical and experimental
checks; some can be checked only by an experimental model of
the complete system. It Is anticipated that further
definitive work will be accomplished.
J. P. Brown, A-833 D. F3. Harmon, Jr., A-830W. P. Wilson, Jr.
A-833
References:
1. "Proposed Vehicle P&O Program (Project RITPRY'
2. Memorandum A-830-BPOI-JP'P-2, 27 June 1968, to P. 1.1. Wood
from J. M. Rrown
MEMORANDUM
DATE: 8-1-68
R. M. Wood, A-830
FROM: J. M. Brown/W. P. Wilson, Jr., A-833
SUBJECT:INTERVIEW WITH BARBARA J. HICKOX
COPIES TO: File
REFERENCE: Report No. 680701-2, Tape #2
Mrs. Barbara J. Hickox was interviewed by J. M. Brovin and W.
P. Wilson, Jr. on 31 July 1968 from 10:15AM to 11:00Abl at
her residence which is at 153 East 53rd Street in Long Beach,
California.
Mrs. Hickox reported to Mr. and Mrs. C. K. Druffel of NICAP
that she had seen and ridden an aerospace vehicle manned by
extraterrestrial beings. The purpose of the visit was to
explore the possibility of obtaining useful technical
Information from PArs. Hickox.
1
Mrs. Hickox lives with her daughter Tracy (age 6) in a very
Inexpensive house in a very old section of town., Mrs. Hickox
works, on call, as a contract key punch operator which pays
her $3.00 per hour. She is approximately 5' 9" tall, weighs
approximately 160 pounds, and is around 40 years old. She has
been married several times - her m Iden name is Hickox.
At the very outset of the discussion Mrs. Hickox made it
clear that she did not want to be exploited. She stated that
she had given away ideas worth four million dollars to
various people and she didn't want to give away any more. On
the other hand, she said she was making all the money she
wanted and had all the luxuries of life. She was not
interested in getting involved by becoming rich.
We did not discuss tier observation s made while aboard the
vehicle. She talked about a unique rriethod for producing a
vacuum, a unique method for transmitting radiation energy
non-violently (in contrast to a laser), a patent she had
issued to her on a piece of furniture fashioned after the
spacecraft propulsion system,and her method of making
extensive sketches in order to convey her Ideas to other
people. 1 absolutely could not make sense out of what she was
saying. However, we did not explore these questions further
in order not to be in the position of accepting useful infor
nation then being potentially liable for that Information.
Vie discussed the possibility of employing Mrs. Hickox as a
consultant. We told her that if she accepted employment as a
consultant the company would expect to own any Ideas divulged
by her. She would, in return, receive the agreed-upon hourly
compensation. We agreed to proceed with background infor
mation gathering to prepare a recommendation to our
manageme-nt that she be employed as a consultant at a rate of
slightly over $3.00/hour. If our checks on her * resulted in
our recornmendatlon to managerent and if management
concurred, then a few exploratory hours of h(~r time would be
utilized. Further time might then be warranted to go into
various areas in great depth. Primarily in her description of
the vehicle and its propulsion system.
J. M. Brown, A~833 W. P. Wilson, Jr.
J MB: WN: ms b nni int An PRIVATE
M . ~ic)c)d , A -R 3,3 DATE: June
A-830-BBOI-JIAB
-2
FROM: J. Pli. Brown, A-e33
SUBJECT: VEHICLE R0 F~l~OGRAM., (Project DITBR)
CoPIES TO:1). P. Harmon, Jr., W. P. Wilson, Jr., A-830; File
RLFF-RENCE:
Attached is a description of the Vehicle R&D Program
which highlights the technical aspects of the background
and oul lines the immediate future efforts. The efforts
outlined, in -this memorandum are intended' to reflect
the feedb a c k, from I h e M, an agernent Briefing,
"Advanced Vehi c I e Conce pt Research" which started on
2 May 1968. Note particularly lho' for each different
principal area of the effort there are defini-te(V
identifiable initial goals whose achievement or
non-achievement can be assessed. Subsen ' uent goals are
identified but become more nebulous. Finally, note that
the section on the lumped-parameter analy-sis of the
electron should provide a determination of all the
background ;ieid parameters. In turn, this will provide
the capability to c(ripjle the amount of fringe shift
for the experiment curren~ly being performed to measure
the effect on the velocity of light produced by a
magnetic field.
This mt~,morandum should serve as the core for a
ccinprehevsive description of the project which is
Independent of lhe project personnel.
gn,
J. M. Brown, A-833
MB: nisb
Attachment ~ Noted
DOUGLA 5. P R 1 VA-
1E
PROPOSED VEHICLE
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAM
25 JUNE 1968
V A
TIE--
The purpose of this memorandum is lo out 1 ine a tangible
step~-by-step research and devel opment program wh i ch w i 1 1 p.rovi
de f i rm answers rega- rd ing a number of bui Iding b locks wh ich,
are identi f ied as possible elements of advanced propulsion systems.
Two principal approaches and a secondary approach are out I ined. The
principal a.pproaches consist of 1 evolving the systems from bas i c
phys i cs and evol v i na d i rec'i 1 y f rom an ana. 1 ys i s of UFO
(Un i dent i f i ed ~Flying Object) observations. Of course, any
information generated from one approach wi 1 1 be fed into the other
approaches.
The basic physics approach to a great extent is based on a new
theory of physics ~ the kinetic particle theory. The program outlfined
here wi 11 rigorously examine the validity of the kinetic particle
theory using a sure, but laborious, lumped -parameter analysis. It is
also proposed to supplement the lumped-parameter analysis with an
elegant, but not necessarily sure, parallel approach. Laboratory
experiments are described which test the kinetic particle theory and,
at the same time, are very close to vehicle propulsion configuralions.
An ancillary approach to vehicle design is based on the assumption
that UFO's are extraterrestrial vehicles and that design clues may be
obtained by studying data from these vehicles. These data may be
obtained from the
1
1 iterature, individual observers, or from communication
schemes uti 1 ized by the vehicles. The data obtained may be
usable to directly configure vehicle tyPe experiments or to
give technical insight into the vehi~-le design.
In order to cover all bets a number of miscellaneous avenues
have been,
and wi 1 1 continue to be, pursued with low priority. A
discussion of these efforts is included in this memorandum.
This discussion completes a comprehensive coverage of the
Advanced Concepts efforts.
The final section of this memorandum summa rizes the immediate tasks
which it is anticipated will be pursued.
0
AS
-1
T9W_
VEHICLE OBSERVATION BACKGROUND
There are many UFO (rinidentified Flying Objecls) 6bservations which are
readi ly explainable by the.' extraterrestrial vehicle hypothesis and which
are difficult to explain with any other hypothesis. The bulk of these
"extraterrestrial vehicles" have. characteristics which are consistent with
out current understanding of scientific limitations, even though their
capabilities exceed our current technology. Exceeding our current
technology, of course, is quite consistent %..,ith the extraterrestrial
vehicle hypothesis. Some of the "vehicle" observat*.ons, however, indicate
capabi 1 Mes which exceed our scientific limitations. The principal
capability of this type is that indicated by extremely high acceleration
rates and other gravitational control (anecdotal) data. The vast majority
of the "vehicle" sightings indica~e that strong magnetic fields are
generated by the vehicles. These fields ari presumed to be cQnnc,.c'led
with the propulsion system.
This background indicates that some UFOls.may be extraterrestrial
vehicles; they certainly have not been proven otherwise. The existence of
extraterrestrial vehicles indicates that vehicles can be built which would
have capabi . Iiiics quite useful to McDonnell Douglas Corporation. In
addition, if the UFO's are vehicles then the UFO observations give clues
for guiding a research and development program for evolving the vehicles.
In summary, the results of an analysis of the UFO observations provide the
basis for M113C management to allocate a small expenditure for high
risk-high payoff vehicle R&D. At the same time , the observations provide
guidelines for conducting The vehicle R&D.
KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY BACKGROUND
The postulates of a comprehensive kinetic particle theory of physics
were formulated and published in 1965,*see Reference 1. The consequences of
these Postulates were'examined somewhat in Reference 1 but in greater depth
in Reference 2, still greater depth in Reference 3, and further during the
past year by the Advanced Concepis personnel *in the Research and
Development Organization of the PlcDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company.
ihe postulates of the theory afe that spa~e and lime are. separate
and absolute. (Galilean) and that a~l matter, radiation, and a
backpround ether consists of one type part lcle which c~)eys the law of
inertia, is elastic, and spherical. Otherwise, the. particles are
c~.plete.ly inert and all forces, e.g., nuclear, electromagnetic, decay,
and gravitation, are produced by particle collisions.
Classical me&ianics results rigorously from the postulates. The
theory would he accepted by the physics community as a unifying theory
if the following three goals were achieved:
1.The el~.~entIzry particles were derived from the Postulates.
2. Special theory of relativity observations were
deri"d from the postulates.
3.The mechanism of gravitation were derived from ihe pistulates.
The approach currently being taken to achleve the above,
as well as other results, is to derive the characteristics
including relativistic effects and the fields, of all
fundamental particles. Current understanding of the various
areas is outlined in the foil owing paragraphs.
Theelementary particles are believed tobe stablel cone-ntrations
of
the basic background particles. The configuration of an electron is
defined
in the most detail of all the elementary particles. The electron is
believed
lo be a two-component vortex in which the axial flow corresponds to
the mag
netic'm~nt whi le the tanoential flow corresponds to the angular
mowntum.
The two flows together make the electrostatic field when the
electron is at
rest. When moving, the two flows.make the electrostatic and the
magnetic
field. The quantitization of the electron mass, and of the angular
momentum
for all particles is believed to result frem a self-induced pinch,
or mutual
shielding, phenomena. All elementary particles are either
translatory waves
(photch 5, neutrinos, gravitons) or standing waves (electrons,
muons, pions,
kaws, neuc;eons, and other bayron's) in the ether.
In terms of elementary particles, life times significantly longer
than 10-23
sec are ',stable". Particles with lifetimes up to only a few orders
to magnitude greater than 10-23 sec are termed "resohances".,
o'
5
Special theory of relativity observations are believed
to-result since
& 1 observed phenomena in the universe are waves (translatory
or standing) of
classical (New~onian) particles and thus are governed by the
classical wave
equal-ion, V2V = _(l/C2)D2 /~t2 (c = speed of light). In this
equation the
square of each space coordinates has evactly the same role as
-c 2t2. Thus,
consideritiq a space-time continuum wi th x, y, and z on the
same basis as
i c t (i 1) is quFte similar to considering a classical wave
existing in
an absolute space-absolule
Gravilation is believed to be due to th.e gradual
collection of basic parl-icles from the background by all
matter and then a pulse. emission of a group of the basic
particles in the form of a non-interacting particle (graviton
or neutrino).
A general equation has been derived during the past year,
see Appendix A, which represents the character i sti cs of
large numbers of the basic particles. This equal-ion, in
principle, provides the capability for comprehensively
investigating all ramifications of the theory. However, the
equation is complex and closed form solutions may be difficult
to obtain.
This kinetic particle theory predicts th~t photon velocity
will be reduced if light goes along a magnetic field against
the field lines and increased when with the field lines.
Current theory predicts no change. A laboratory experiment
currently is in process to examine th*s effect.
In summary, the kinetic particle theory is a precisely
formulated theory which is capable of being rigorously tested.
The first analysis block, the derivation of classical
mechanics, has been completed. The first majorstep of
subsequent blocks, the continuum equation, has been derived.
Qualitative descriptions of the expected solutions of the
continuum equation are available and should be quite useful in
seeking solutions. These qualitative descriptions provide the
basis for all areas of physical science and are sufficiently
detailed that they provide a feeling that the theory should be
successful.
V-~-~-'~ICLE PROPULSION BACKGROWD
Thetypes of propulsion Qhich are of primary interest ar.
e
gravitational control and amplification and matter
an.nihilation, see Appendices B and C. Gravitational control
and amplification research currently is along the fine of
verifying the previously defined gravitational mechanism, see
Page 6, determining how to increase th e graviton (or
neutrino) production rate by many orders of magnitude
(possibly with high magnetic fields), and simultaneously
direcling the gravitons opposite the vehicle desired thrustl.
Matter- annihilation consists of changing matter into photons
or the basic particles which would be directionally emitted.
Again, the primary approach to annihilation is by the use of
high magnetic fields. In fact in all these propulsion schemes
it appears that a quickly changing magnetic field (which, of
course, is equivalent to a changing electrostatic field) or
fields is the only approach so far identified to initiate the
propulsion mechanism. Note again that the high magnetic
fields in the UFO reports and t he high acceleration rates
may be consistent with the, kinetic particle theory.
The kinetic particle theory of matter provides the
capability for examining gravity control and amplification,
matter annihilation to basic particles, and matter
annihilation to photons. Current physic'al theory only
provides the capability of examining the last named propulsion
concept. The next section outlines the step-by-step analytical
and experimental approaches to examine these propulsion
concents.
A a final note on propulsion concepts it seems that any one
of three different arguments justify the experiment to produce
in the laboratory as high a magnetic field as possible. These
separate arguments are:
I.UFO data indicate the ise of high magnetic fields.
2. The propulsion concepts derived from the kinetic
particle theory indicate that high magnetic fields
would be used.
3. From current physics it seems to be a safe bet that
new, unidentified propulsion concepts would utilize
high magnetic fields.
Such a scheme may permit a human to withstand acceleration
rates of hundreds, or thousands, of g's.
7
For al 1 of ihese reasons,mannetic field generai ion scher
ries wi 11 be
studied analytical ly and -experimental iy.
CONTINUUM EQUATION ANALYSIS
The firsi step in the evaluation of the consequences of
the postulates of the kinetic particle theory of physics
consisted of deriving all of classical mechanics. This step
has been acco~;)plished, set. Reference 3. Th i s first step
was accomplished by considering the basic particles
individually, or two at a time. The next step requires a
quantitative description of ensembles of large numbers of the
basic particles, since it is presumed that ;arge numbers of
basic particles are required to make an individual photon,
neutrino, or electron, for example. These parlicles are the
"objects" which are observed in nature while the laws of
classical mechanics are generalized laws which '.govern" the
acti.on of the particles of nature. The continuum equation is
a general integro-differential equation which describes the
action of large enough numbers c.' the basic particles so 1hat
the particles produce the action of a continuum.
Ap pendix A consists of the derivation of the continuum
equation. The equation consists of a number of opef-ations
upon the particle density function n phase space. The density
function is represented by so and depends upon three spatial
coordinates (x, y, z), three velocity coordinates (2, s), and
upon time. The function is defined such that at a given time
the expected number of particles in an increment of phase
space (a position space increment UAyAz times a velocity space
increment MAs) is given by YAXtYAZA~t'AS. The equation relates
the net density of parti cles at a particular (position) phase
spacn point convected out less the density of particles
scattered in plus the density of particl es scattered out to
the time rate of increase in 1he particle density function.
.While this equation is believed to be quite general in
that a complete human, for example, is presumed to be one
solution, or eigenstate, of the equation, it is not
anticipated that the equation would ever be used to derive
complex asserriblacles. Inslead, the equation should be
useful for deriving
s up) to and poss i b 1 y through th
a 5 S e,,9') 1 ap, c e quantum levels and thus forming
a new basis, possibly with siigh-liy modified consequences, for
quantum theory.
In particular, it is anticipated that pholons', neutrinos,
gravitons, electrons,
and all the other nuclear particles (allof which in current phys
ics are pos
tulated) should result as eigenstates of the equation.
in working on this equation there are a number of distinct
avenues which
can be pursued. The first item should be to obtain an independent
check of
the derivation. The area which is most likely to have an error is
the analy
sis of the probability of scattering into a given increment of
velocity space.
Even if the in-scattering analysis is correct as presented in
Appendix A, it
is quite possible that a more useful form of the result could be
derived by
an alternate approach. Another item is to examine the existence of
solutions.
For many differential equations it has been possible by utilizing
established
techniques to prove that various types of solutions do, or de not,
exist.
Such could well be worthwhile. However, the significant
pro
bl--,ii -s to find stable, non-trivial eigenstates of I-Vie
equation. The simplest
non-t r i v i a 1 so 1 ut i on an 1 i c i pated correspond s to the
Miaxwe 1 1 -Bo 1 tzmann d i stir i
bution in the kinetic theory of gases. This distribution consists
of a uni
form spatial distribution of particles which have a variable
distribution of
speeds. The exact conditions necessary and sufficient for this
solution are
unknown. The assumptibn of ergodicity and the less restrictive
assumption of
particle chaos are strongly believed to be sufficient. The next
more complex
solution of interest is to determine if a double vortex (standing
wave) solu
tion corresponding to the conjectured electron exists. If tnis were
a solu
tion, then the kinetic particle theory of science would be
established - thi-S
being recognized as a major milestone.
If this step were accomplished then the next step will be to
examine the time-varying solutions to ascertain if the electron goes
through a cycle of growing (collecting basic particles from the
background) then shedding a neutrino or graviton. If so, and if the
shedding rate is quantitatively correct, then the mechanism of
gravitation will have been established. The final step to obtain a
propulsion concept is to examine the effect of externally.
9
Lumped parameter techniques applied to the analysis of the conjectured
elemen'tary particle configurations have the advantage of providing,
within net fineness constraints, straight-forward sure methods of proving,
or disproving, the stability of the configurations. Thus, for a given
configuration selection, a routine, sure, but laborious analysis technique
exists. It is felt that the conjectured electron configuration has a high
likelihood of being sufficiently accurate so +hat, coupled with its
extreme stability 0ifetime >1021 years), a relatively coarse lumped
parameter analysis would prove stability.
EXPERIMENTS TO SIMULATE ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
Once an analysis (closed form or lumped-parameter) of an electron is
completed which provides a steady-state description, then a simulation of
the electron in the atmosphere using air molecules can be constructed.
Such a simulation may be useful to check on a lumped-parameter
steady-state solution. ,However, the principal utility of the simulation
is expected to indicate standing wave patterns, if they exist, and the
free-field collection - neutrino/
ap ' Plied
electromagnetic fields on the shedding rate. The application of
steady state and varying.mag netic fields, electrostalic fields,
and photon
f 1uxes shou 1 d be exam i n ed. If the shedding rate can be
increased several
tens of orders of magnitude and can be directionally released,
then the
gravity amplification propulsion concept will^exist.
This research on the continuum equation is recognized as
being of a high order of difficulty, but the payoff is high.
It should be noted, however, that each step is quite
definitive in that not only the goal but the approach to each
step should be quite clear to an expert on partial
differential equations.
Extensions and modifications of this approach which would
examine all fundamental particles as well as the matter
annihilation propulsion scheme sean to be clear and not
~,;o~thy of dwelling upon at the preseni time.
LUMPED PARMAIETER A.JALYS I ~
1,
0
,c
T
graviton ejection cycle, which is believed to exist. This
type simulalion could be extremely useful and possibly could
be extended to all of the fundamental matter particles
including their interactions as well as photon emission.
ANALYSIS OF UFO OBSERVATIONS
Three avenues appear worthwhile for obtaining useful data
from th e UFO's: 1. Compilation of data in the literature.
2. Interviews with "contacte.e.-,". 3. ESP.
There are many books (100's), magazine arlicles, and other
sources of UFO reports. If the data in these reports were
carefully organized and scientifically studied, which io our
knowledge has never been done, it is possible that useful
clues to the construction of a vehicle would eme'rge. In view
of this, a concerted effort is now in process to extract all
useful data from the tens of UFO books and the many magazines
which currently are at hand. In extracting the data the only
c-iterion wi 1 1 be whether or not the item c-x~ tracted is
descriptive of the UFO or its occupants or of the local
environment. A form has been evolved for recording the
extracted data, see Appendix D. It is art icipated tbdt mos-
events viould be reported on the one page. However, extensive
reports such as D. W. Fi^y's would start with this form but
would extend many pages. Eventually this portion of the
program should result in an extensive report which provides
broad coverage of the literature.
For the purposes here a 'Iconll*actee" *is defined as a
person who may have vehicle data (principally propulsion data)
which would be useful design clues. Appendix E is a start of
makina a list of potential contactees. Once the list is
completed a cost/p?yoff ordering will be made and the
inierview plan will be f i rmed up.
Throughout much of the UFO literature there are indications
that the
observers have been communicated infom.ation by
non-conventional mans,- pre
sufflably by extra sensory preception (ESP). Comments such as
"I heard it in
71X
rn,\l head," are cor,~tr!--n. A lo,.,j priorily effort will be
made to study the literat tire, to measure the si gna l,' carr
ier (most 1 i ke ly e 1 ectrornagneti c f ie 1 ds) , and to
determine how to communicaie in this manner. If it can be
esta.blished that the communication scheme is real, then the
last goal certainly should be achievable. If the communication
scheme can be established, this in itself would be a
significant achievement. However, the utility to us would be
to obtain, vehicle clues by "eavesdroppincill or possibly by a
direct back and forth communication link. The first step.in
th.is program beyond the low level literature survey wi 11 be
to measure the magnetic fields (and possibly other phenomena)
around someones head when he is supposedly receiving ESP commi
un 1 c et i on.
bl 1 SCELLANEY
The approach so far utilized in the development.of the kinetic
particle theory of physics has been to continually broaden the
scope of a ' ualitative application of the theory as a result of
reading a large number of books in diverse sci,entific areas whi
le al- the same time generally tightening the analysis everywhere
throughout the structure and particularly making the analysis
perfectly rigorous where possible. It is believed that this
approach is being successful and should be continued.'
There are a large number of phenomena, particularly so cal led
psychic phenomena, which appear to be beyond current science.
These phenomena may not be physical, but they may be. In case of
the latter, then clues to the structuring of a new theory may
result from a study of these phenomena. In order to maximize
success potential a small literature survey and limited
investigation effort on all *strange phenomena appears to be well
worthwhile. Along this line there exists the phenomenon of "water
dousing" which undoubtedly works but is not understood. This
phenomenom is definitely worth examining and it is planned to
investigate it in the forthcoming months.
Finally, experiments which the kinetic particle theory predicts
outcomes which differ from current theory wi 11 be considered for
performing. A particular experiment along this line is the
"magnet.ic* field effect on light
0
velocily" cxperimn-t currently being performed. The weakness
of this experiment is that the effect has not been
quantitatively determined. This w i 1 1 be remedied as a
result of the analysis outli-ned above in the Co*ntinuum
Equation Analysis or Lumped-Parameter Analysis.
13
DOUGInS, P`VATE
11,1,"'1~--DIATE PRIORITIES
1 tem Personnel
Continuum Equation Analysis Pipes/Brown
Check Equation
Exanine Existence of Solutions
De r i ve Maxwe 1 1 -Bo 1 tzmann D i s tr i b ut i on
Derive Electron Steady State
lumped-Parameter Analysis Brown
Examine Electron Steady State
Generat ion of High ~.,',agnetic Field Bjornlie
Generate Higher Field Than. Previously Generated
Search for Interactions (Grav./EM) Not Previously Sought
Analysis of UFO Observations Wilson
Compile and Organize Literature
Plan Interviews of Contactees
Miscellaney
Complete Magnetic/Light Speed Experiment Bjornlie
t)OUG!-œ~,s r-r,-l,TVATE
REFERENCES
1. Brown, J. M., UnifieJ Physics, Pari 1, JMB Co, Los
Angeles, California, 1965.
2.Brown, J. M., Advanced Physics, JMB Co., Los Angeles,
California, 1966.
-z cs
3. Brown, J. M. , Advanced Physics, Thi rd Edition,
MB Co. Los Ang, California, 1967.
0
10
MEMORANDUM
DATE: 2-14-68
TO: R. M. Wood, A-830
FROM: J. M. brownffi. 13. Harmon, A-830
SUBJECT:CURRENTLY PREFERRrED PROPULSIO:A C0NCEPT
COPIES TO: C. P. Thomas, A-830; File
REFERENCE:
INTRODUCTION
In a previous memorandum, Reference 1, a broad spectrum of
propulsion concepts was listed and discussed. Certain general
directions of effort which could lead to a propulsion concept were
outlined in this reference. The purpose of this memorandum is to
review the efforts of the past six months, indicate the presently
preferred propulsion concept, point out the various degrees of
confidence felt for each parameter or portion of the propulsion
concept, and indicate the diree'lion of future effort.
BACKGROUNE)
The propulsion concepts spectrum listed In Reference 1
essentially consisted of a generic listing of all knudn
possibilities. For various reasons of flexibility, efficiency, and
funding the concepts were screened so that three generic types
remained for consideration:
1. External sources - a. Earth Magnetic Field
b.Earth Electrostatic Field
c.Earth Gravitational Field
2.Stored Energy - Nuclear Annihilation
3. Free Field Energy -a. Brutino Field
b. Air Molecules
Furthermore, for space propulsion, types 1 and'3b are eliminated.
Thus, efforts ditring the past six months have been directed along
the general appro~-ch of nuclear annihilallion and brutino free field
energy.
Nuclear annihilation consists of converting the Individual
(orbital) electrons (and nuclear particles) into photons (neutrinos
and/or brutinos). Since the nuclear binding forces as well as the forces
which hold individual nuclear particles together are presumed to be due
to brutino fields (i.e., brutino flow patterns), by sufficiently
rearranging the fields it should be possible lo break up matter. Matter
z3nnihila~iiori requires high intensity fields and the degree of
intensity may depend somewhat upon the individual matter particle being
annihilated. When technology has advanced so that sufficiently high
fields are obtained, matter annihilation undoubtedly will be discovered
as a matter of course, and in a very short time after achievernens of
adequate field intensity. Analytical work could be per-formed with the
poals of defining the required field strength and optimum characieristics
for annihilation as as with the goal of achieving high intensity fields.
Efforts along these lines fl~ave not been pursued directly since the
chance of beal-ine~ current established rreit)C)d~, W0,f physics is
deemed not as good as for the free field energy concept.
R. M. Wood, A-830 A~8i 1
2-14-68
Page 2
One free field energy concept using 6rutinos basical ly
i.s a scherne for beating the second law of the miodynamics. The
si i t i sti cal rn-3chan i cs i nterpretat ion of the second 1 aw
Imp 1 i os that assemb 1 ages of par 1 i c 1 es m ust have con f
igurati ons which either remain static or must pass to a more
uniform state. This free field en
/ ergy concept Is based on taking particles (brutinos) from a uniform
population into a vehicle (or propulsion subsystem) then releasing
them in a particular direction. The propulsive force resulis from
the recoil of the directional release of the particles. Energy and
linear momentum are coric,(,,rved in the process. The conservation
of angular momentum has not been examined and may be a problem.
Such organization processes are generally believed to exist, but
are not understood. Another free field enerqy concept consists of
forming neutrinos from free brutinos, both groups of which travel
in the same direction, which results in a thrust throughout the
vehicle in a direction opposite the neutrino flow. Work in this
area is judged to have a greater chance of success than on nuclear
annihilation.
EFFORTS DURING THE PAST SIX MONTHS
The primary efforts during the past six months have been
approximately half on the general kinetic particle equation of
continuity and half on the relativity observations.
The general kinetic particle equation of continuity is
believed to be
the general equation which mathematically represents all
configurations of matter
and radiation In the universe. (There is a possibility that an added
"equation of
state" may be necessary.) Thus, everything In the universe is
uniquely determined
as a solution to this equation with the appropriale boundary
conditions. The pre
sent status of the paper containing the equation derivation is itiat
there is an
uncertainty in one section of the probability analysis. Once lhis is
cleared up
ihe paper would be complete and accurate. Future work should be
directed toward
finding solutions. For example, the easiest one to find is the
particle distribu
tion whirh Is constant with the three space coordinates, the two
di~ectional co
ordinates, and time, and varies with speed -- ' I.e., the
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribu
tion. Achievement of the Maxwell-Boltzmarin distribution from this
formulation, if
realized, should be regarded as a significant accomplishment.
During the last three months efforts were directed toward the relat
ivity
observations (gravitational deflection of light, gravitational red
Shift, rotation
of perehella, blichelson-r~,orley experiment, parficle accelerator
performance, Comptorl
effect, and abberation of fight).Two significant reasons for analyz
ing these ob
servations are:1) to obtain insight Into the solution of the general
kinetic part
icle equation, and 2) to establish the credibility of the general a
pproach; I.e., to
the postulated ki ' netic particle universe.Two p31,(~rs have been
completed on the
relativity observations:1) A Kinetic Particle Anolysis of The Gravi
tational Deflec
tion of Light, and 2) A Nowtonian Analysis of Compion Scattering.The
firsi paper
was based on very simple mathematical assumptions, which appear to
be consistent
with the kinetic particle postulates, and predicts a result which is
very near the
observed result and which is much closer than the (lenerally
accepted reiativitistic
prediction.The second paper obtains a prediction of Compton scatter
ing using New
tonian mechanics which is indistinguishable from the relativistic
prediction. New
tonian mechanics results rigorously from the kinetic particle
postulates and, the
significance of this second paper, is that relativistic theory is
not necessary to
explain the observed effect. Current efforts are beinn. directed
toward particle
R. M. Wood, A-830 A-830-BBO 1 -J
M0- 1
2-14-68
Page 3
accelerator porformance and to the more basic problem of "force"
definition in terms of brutinos and various types of brutino field
arrangements.
FREE FIELD ENERGY PROPULSION CONCEPT
Only three brutino free field concepts are known. All three
collect brutinos from an omnidirectional field and emits
directionally. One concept emits these brutinos in the form of
neutrinos (and/or antineutrinos), another emits in the form of
photons, and another emits in the *form of free brutinos. The brutino
capture-neutrino release is believed to be the mechanism of
gravitation and thus, a process known to exist. llo,,,icver, a
mechanism for directional release must be oblained for this concept.
In addition, In order to achieve an acceleration level of 1 9, many
orders of magnitude increase in emission rate must be obtained. Both
of flies,e problems are considered to be challenging. The brutino
capture-photon release mechanism may be the basic mechanism which
produces the energy of a star. If so, then a brutino to photon
production mechanism exists. Directional release of photons can be
achieved using reflectors and is no problem. Thus, if the mechanism
actually exists then the speed-up (by a factor of many orders of
magnitude for 1 9) problem is the challenging problem. AI 1 the
portions of the third free field energy concept, brutino
capture-brutino directional release, appear at least as uncertain and
difflcult as the worse of either of the other two concepts and, as
such, is not considered further.
The attached table presents a summary of the factors
currently believed to be pertinent to achievement of the brutino to
neutrino, and brutino to photon free field propulsion concepts. In
addition, an indication of the confidence felt for each parameter is
presented.
FUTURE EFFORTS
The Immediate problem is to start performing experiments.
Just as soon as an appropriate technician, or research scientist, Is
available the experiments will be initiated. Further work on the
relativistic observations will continue# as defined earlier in this
memorandum. These efforts will continue as long as they are fruitful.
Work on the kinetic p~rticle equation of continuity also will be
accomplished on a lower priority basis. Evening efforts will be
directed generally toward a revision of Advanced Physics.
J. M. Brown, A-830 D. 6. Harmon, A-830
References:
1. "Space Propulsion Concepts% memorandum to R. M. Wood from J. M.
Brown, dated 8-14-67.
2. "Proposal for Electrostatic/Magnetic Experiments% memorandum to
R. M. Wood from J. M. Brown and D. B. Harmon, dated 12-20-67.
2-14-68
TABLE 1
FREE FIELD ENERGY PARAMETERS AND ASSOCIATED UNCERTAINTIES
GENERAL CONFIDENCE (BETTING
ODDS)
Gaillean Reference System 0.99
Brutinos Can Unify Known Physics 0.99
Kinetic Particle Eq. of Cont. Represents All Entitles0.9 or.0.99
PARTICLE DEFINITION
Photon Description 0.01 or 0.5
Neutrino Description 0.01 or 0.1
Electron Description 0.5
PARTICLE INTERACTIONS
Photons and Electrons Interact as Indicated by Grav.0.99
Defi. of light and Compt. Scattering Anal.
Matter Particles Collect Free Brutinos and Emit Neutrinos 0.9
(thus causing gravitation)
We Can Find Mech. for Speeding Up .1J Production 0.2
We Can Find Mech. for Directing 9 Is 0.05
We Can Find V Prod. Mech. 0.05
We Can Speed Up V Prod. (Given Above) 0.2
EXPERIMENTS
At least One Experiment In Reference 2 Will Succeed0.2
(Electrostatic/Magnetic Experiments)
Velocity of Light Will Be Affected By Magnetic Field0.5
Compton Wavelength Can Be Determined Accurately 0.9
(Uti 11 zing laser or Moessbauer)
High Magnetic Field Can Be Generated With Counter
Rotating Charges 0.5
0
Ao
by
J. M. Brown
iNTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
A unifying theory bt physics is advanced which is based on seven
postulates: space is absolute, every-thing is comprised entirely
of one type particle, the particles can neither be created nor
destroyed, the particles move with an average speed equal to 1.4
times t he speed of light, the particles we spherIcal, the
particles art smooth, and the particles are elastic. The
particles pervade the entire universe and localized
conde..i.a~ior.r, -~-jLke up radiation and matter. The
condensations are produced by a newly discovered self-induced
pinch effect. All composite particles (radiation and matter) are
eigen states of the localized condensations which are held
together by the background particles. Even in the condensed
states the basic particles move at 1.4 c. Radiation particles
translate at "sonic" speed for the background (i.e., at speed c)
while the basic particles in matter follow closed curved paths
so that the center of gravity of matter can be at rest or can be
moving with linear velocities lower than the speed of light.
Motion of the basic particles at the speed of light, in
radiation and matter particles, is achieved by adding new back
ground particles to the forward face and ejecting basic
particles from the aft face. The characteristic eigenstates are
the "quantum" properties of the universe. the "sonic" speed
characteristic of radiation and matter are-he "clativity"
properties of the universe.
This paper is based on Advance Physics, Third Edition, JEB Co.,
Los Angeles,
1
45, California, 18 April 1967.
lhe basic: particIe which =a-tes up the universe is named the
br.tino. The mass of an item is defined as the n=ber of
brutinos which comprose the item. The brutinos move.in a
straight line except when they collide. The w.1lision
interaction time for brutinos is instantaneous. Collisions are
such that for a reference frame in which the normal component
of velocity just prior to Impact are equa~ and opposite, then
the normal components are reversed while the tangential
components are not affected. This collision mechanism provides
the definitions of "elastic" and "smooth."
The set of postulates given above rigorously results in
the following six universal laws of physics:
1. Everything in the universe is made up of one type of
particle, the brutino.
2. Everything al-jays moves with constant velocity
unless it collides with something else.
3. M,ass can neither be created nor'destroyed.
4. Linear momentum can neither be created nor destroyed.
5. Angular momentum can neither be created nor destroyed.
6. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
Law number 2 is Newtons (or Galileols) first law of motion. The
next two of
Newton's laws result directly from the definition of force. A
force is de
fined such that a brution is said to experience a force when
the brutino,
experiences collisions with other brutinos. A force is measured
by the number
collisions -.,c-i- -GAII, t each collision. A force thus is
defined as .rass ti=es acceleration and trces always occur in
pairs, each element of which is equal and opposite the other.
RADIATION PARTICLES
A radiation particle is a dense collection of brutinos which
translates at Ilsonic" speed (sonic as determined by the
average speed of the background brutinos). The first two
questions concerning radiation particles arehe stability
mechanism and the propogation mechanism. Mechanisms of
stability and propogation are described now with a qualitative
proof that these mechanisms are valid. The approach taken is
to show that a stabilizing pinching force is generated by
initial impacts of the background particl~s on a stationary
composite particle (i.e., a stationary localized
condensation), that if held together the composite particle
can move without slowing down, and that when the composite
partilce is moving the initial impact.pinching force still
exists and only initial impacts are of any consequence.
This paragraph shows that a radial force directed toward the
center of a composite particle is produced by initial
collisions between thelackground and the composite particle
when the composite particle is at rest. This inwardly-directed
force is termed a pinching force. The force results from a
diminishment of the number of background particles along a ray
as thelay passes through the composite particle. Since the
force produced on the composite particle is proportional to
the number of background particles a.~ailable forImpacting,
the force due to the ray gradually diminishes. An equal and
opposite ray similarly diminishes. The difference in the
forces produced by these two rays compresses the composite
particle. thus, initial collisions
between.the background particles and particles making up
the composite particle produce a stabilizing pinching
force.
In this paragraph it Is assumed that a composite particle
can remain stable; then it is proved that there is a
non-zero velocity at which thee particle can move with
respect to the background without slowing down.
Determination of the magnitude and invariance of the speed
is almost trite. The composite particle, as constituted,
is merely a dense region of the background gas, and its
mechanism of transmission is as a wave in which the front
fact continually ga~ns particles while the aft face
continually loses particles. Transmission speed is
independent of the density and is the "sonic" speed for
the gas. This mechanism, of course, covserves energy and
linear momentum for the composite particle.
The next step in the proof is to show that when the
composite particle is moving at sonic speed and initial
collision pinching force will still be generated. For a
moving composite particle a transverse pinch effect will
'be generated, as in the stationary ease, since the
force's existence (but not necessarily its magnitude) is
independent of the axial motion.
To demonstrate axial stability, instead of considering the
forces actingi it is more convenient to rely upon proven
theorems of gas dynamics. A point sound source in an ideal
gas produces a wave of energy which is diminished axially
only by the inverse square spreading. Since the particles
In this present theory act like ideal gas atoms, and since
the transverse pinching force is generated to prevent
transverse spreading, the composite particle will not
spreadlor contract axially. Thus, initial collision
transverse and axial pinching forces exist for the moving
composite particle.
The final step is to show that only initial collisions are of
any consequence. For.this Droof it is presumed that the
composite particle is sufficiently of porous so that the
probability of collision is low for a given background
particle. (Incidentally, this is a restriction which probably
is not required for the mechanism.) The probability of a second
collision then is quite iow and can be neglected. Also, since
the particle is moving at sonic.speed there is no chance of the
background being disturbed by continual collisions with the
composite particle and, thereby, producing a feedback which
could affect stability. thus, it appears that the stability and
propogation mechanisms described for radiation particles are
valid.
A photon is believed to be a spherical composite particle with
a density which i&~greatest at the center and which gradually
decreases away from the center iintil it approaches the
background density. Defining the size of a photon as the volume
which contains a given percentage of its mass, then all photons
are believed to be approximately the same size; the mass
variation is due primarily to a density variation. The
principal way a photon vibrates is believed to be planar with
its double amplitude equal to its wave length. As the photon is
perturbed from its nominal path the transverse forces opposing
the transverse motion increase as a result of the photon moving
toward those opposing brutiPos and the transverse forces in the
direction of the transverse motion decreases. These forces are
stabilizing and produce the characteristic vibration. As the
photon mass is increased the restoring force apparently
increases at a greater rate than the rate of mass increase. The
increase in force in due to mass increase and decrease in
spacing between brutinos. The photon has angular momentum about
an axis which passes through the photon nominal path
perpendicular to the plane of its path. The angular momentum
is defined as the average absolute value of the photon linear
momentum times the perpendicular distance the photon is from
the point forred by the normal projection on the nominal path.
This angular momentum is invariant for all photons since the
amplitude and wave length are inversely proportional to the
mass. This constant presumably is Planck's constant, h. Based
on these~presumptions, the energy of a photon is given by hv,
where v is the number of cycles per unit time which the photon
experiences.
Neutrinos and antineutrinos are similar to photons except that
they rotate about theer translational path instead of vibrating
transversely. Their angular momentum, Planck's constant divided
by two, is a result of this roLation. The neutrino is
left-handed and the centineutrino is right-handed.
Photons, neutrinos, and antineutrinos are the radiation
particles. The first radiation particle formed in the universe
probably was formed as a result of the chance collection of
background brutinos. Many radiation particles are continually
formed by this process but an appreciable rate of production
results from"matter collecting background brutinos and later
limiting them in the form of radiation particles as explained
in the next section. The particles also are destroyed, but
their lifetimes are in the order of a billion years.
The rate of production and destruction of radiation particles,
other than their conversion to matter and re-emission by
matter, is so small that all of present day physics is based on
the presumption that the particles~can neither be created nor
destroyed. However, as will be shown later, the formation
process provides good explanations of gravitation. The small
galactic red shift which is observed is explained by a gradual
destruction of a photon.
'wLECTROPS
An electron is a toroidal shaped cleud of brutinos. The
brutinos nove with an average velocity with a magnitude of
1-4c and which has a tangential (rotational) component of c
and a component around the toroid across section. These two
components result in a helical motion of brutinos making up
the electron. The negative electron is left-handed and the
positive electron is right-handed. The electron is held in its
circular shape by the same type of pinching force that holds
the radiation particles together. The electron is propogated
in its circular path by the same wave type mechanism that the
radiation particles utilize.
The phenomenon of charge results from flow fields of Lhe
background brutinos. The flow pattern is a circulation which
consists of a component in through the center of the toroid
and around the outside which is in the direction of the
brutino component of motion around the toroid cross section
and another component which is in the direction of the
rotational motion of the complete toroid about its center of
mass. The flow patterns for unlike charged electrons mesh
together so that the background brutinos press the electrons
together while like charged electrons flow patterns interface
and repel each other.
The stabilization mechanism of the electrons is presumed to
result in only one stable mass and radius of the electron.
Further, as time passes an electron is believed to continually
collect background brutinos and, therefore grow in mass. At
certain excess mass levels, an electron will emit either a
photon along its axis of rotation or a neutrino (or
antineutrino) in the plane of the toroid. this brutino
collection-photon emission process is the source of a stars
energy and the brutino collection-neutrino emission process is
the cause of gravitation.
A.n electron has ang-ular mcmentum about the axis
Derpendicul&r to its toroid--,1
plane. The angular momentum presumably is due to the electron
and to the
1
charge flow pattern of the.background brutinos. The value of
the arWalar momentum is Planck's constant divided by two.
When an electron is at rest (with respect to the background)
it has the shape of a circular toroid. when the electron
moves it takes an elliptic shape which moves parallel to the
minor axis. The thickness of the toroid is the greatestat one
end of the major diameter and a minimum at the other major
diameter end.' This difference in cross section provides the
mechanism oftranslation of matter. The direction of motion is
the same as the direction of the tangential velocity of the
ellipse at the major diameter end with the greater thickness.
This mechanism results in an electron's velocity being
limited to a value less than the speed of light, since at
that velocity the
A
major diameter end with the smaller thickness must have a
zero thickness. Thus, before reaching the speed of light an
electron will be converted into a radiation particle.
Collisions of photons with electrons and electrons with
electrons make up most of the phencmena observed in nature.
When a photon collides with an electron the photon breaks
into two photons. One photon is captured and becomes a part
of the electron and the other rebounds in a random direction.
This mechanism results in an electron having a moving mass
greater than Its rest mass. The amount of mass growth is
derived from the lays of the conservation of energy ~nd
linear momentum. The Pass at velocity is equal to the rest
mass divided by (1 - B 2 )~where 0 18^ the speed of the
electron divided by the speed of light. During the collision
of two electrons, photons are Interchanged in a manner
analogous to the photon-electron collision,
accelerating a-n electron thrcugh a .=3.g.-~etic field (afie
ld later
is indicated to be a background brutino flow pattern) the ratio
of its force
due to charge divided by its mass can be dtermined as a
function of the elec-
tron velocity. The force change due to motion is increased by
the factor
2
a since the force lines cut are increased by this factor.
The mass
grows by the factor 11(1 - 8 2 ). Thub, the force due to charge
divided by
the mass increased by t he factor ~ 1 + a 2(1 _ 02)1 _02. This
factor,
of course, correlates the observations.
The amount of energy available in photon form which is
contained in an electron, or any type of matter, is equal to
the mass of the matter times the
square of the speed of light. This, of course, is the famous
formula of
2
Einstein E - Me
Electrons.can be formed by the chance collection of background
brutinos. Another electron source probably is provided by
electron pair production by the collision of sufficiently
massive photons.
Electrons, like photons,'are extremely stable and, other than
conversion into photons of equal mass, electrons have
lifetimes in the order of a billion years*
NUCLEAR PARTICLES AND ATOMS
A nuclear particle consists of two or more electrons which
have a common axis of rotation and a common center of gravity.
The electrons thus tbrm concentric rings in a plane. Nuclear
particles consist of the same number of positive and negative
electrons or exactly one excess positive electron or one
excess negative electron. The innermost electron for matter Is
a positive, electron while for antimatter it is a negative
electron. Nuclear
~-)articies are held to-ether by tte sn7,e t:,7,e 1-1
an e lectron and --ad.4p-t-~on
An atom is the simplest assembly of uncharged natter. An atom
consists of a central nucleus of protons and usually neutrons
and a wamber of electrons which orbit in spherical shells. The
nucleus is held together by a pinching force similar to that
which holds the previous particles together. However, the
pinching force has reached the limit of its range in the case
of large nuclei. The degradation in force at longer ranges is
due to brutinos scattering back into the region where the force
difference is tending to be generated and thus negating the
pinch effect. The orbital electrons, as all the simpler forms
of matter already discussed, have only distinct radii at which
they can remain stable. Thus, balancing the centrifugal and
electrostatic forces gives only one linear velocity, and only
one vlaue of electron mass---since mass depends directly upon
the speed, for an electron in a given orbit. In addition the
angular momentum of each orbit then results as Planck's
constant divided by two. With these constraints one precise
value of photon mass is emitted or absorbed as an electron
changes from one orbit to another.
GRAVITATION ANTD
A gravitational field is set up by matter. The field consists
of background brutinos flowing into the matter, a slightly
lesser number of background brutinos flowing out of the matter,
small amount of neutrinos and antineutrinos flowing out, and an
even smaller amount of photons flowing out. Another mass placed
in the vicinity of the matter will feel an inward force since
the brutinos in the form of neutrinos and antineutrinos do not
transfer momentum to the mass.
,W
019
,m
COSM is a flew 7ottern &
COCh T set up Cround a-nd
through a piece of rxs,,tter by the matter. In order fQr the r.Gtter to
set up the flow it is necessary that its electrons take an elliptic shape
as it the matter were going to mo7e. iewever, if instead of maving the
matter remains at rest then the background bratinos will flow into the
matter opposite the direction which the motion of the bar would have had.
1
c
1
1
i
! CY
i
1
Ci., -
a
1
1
DATE: 9-t
7-69
30 A-830-BE30 1
-JIAB-53
rown, A-833
FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS OF PHYSICS 1 - SPEED OF LIGHT
mem,
[E$ TO:D. B. Hamon, H. C. Bjornlle, L. A. Stelnert, W A-830
Introduction To The Series Of Memos
The current fundamental constants of physics consist of a
minimum known set from which all other physical constants can
be derived. One known set consists of eight constants plus the
constants representing the masses of some one-hundred quantum
matter/anti-matter particle pairs. The purpose of the~' memo
and the planned series of memos on the fundamental constants
of physics Is to derive the ~.t,ove mentioned eight
fundamental constants from the four basic constants vjhich
Characterize the brutino universe.
The brutIno universe Is an absolute (Eucildlan) space-absolute
(Gaillean) time system containing spherIcally symetric
repulsive (klnetic) particles. These particles are all
Identical and are named brutinos. This system.is characterized
by four constants, which are termed the basic constants of the
universe. One set of these four constants Is the mean speed of
the particles (with respect to their carter of mass), the mass
of the particle, the diameter of the particle, and the mean
free path.
The set of current fundamental constants considered In this
series of memos consists of:
~ ~~ rf C i
1.Speed of Light ";'-
2. Fine Structure Constant
3. Charge of Electron
4. Plentk's Constant
5. Mass ofthe Electron
6. Mass of the Profon
7. Gravitational Constant
8. Weak Coupling Constant
9. Hubble's Constant
10. Density of the Universe
This memo Interrelates the speed of light to one of the basic
brutino constants.
The next nine memos will Interrelate the remaining nine
fundamental. constants (above) to the basic brutino constants.
In addition , the mechanism of the row Ining quantum particles
are discussed briefly.
Analysis of the Speed of Light
The speed of light (or more generally, photon 5) Is the
magnitude of the velocity with which photons move. in current
physical theory this speed Is a constant for any selected
observational f rane of reference. In brutino theory this
speed Is a constant with respect to the canter of mass of the
"local" background In which It is being transmitted. It is
tacitly presumed that tfle
DOUGLAS PRIVATE Cow No.
-e30
A-830-BBOI-JME3-53
9-17-69
Page 2
spa ed measured using ttle special relativity interpretation of
the universe Is We same as the speed relative to the brutino
local background. This assumption Is strongly believed to be
warranted 1 but actually can not be tested untl 1 the brutino
theory is developed further. In any case , cor~ rections to the
analysis given here as a result of ti,Is type refinement will be
small.
A photon Is presumed to be a localized 2 disturbance In the
background which transmits "observable" energy from me region of
space to another. This disturbance in effect Is a wave which Ls
constrained almost completely from lateral spreading and which
oscillates transversely rather then longitudinally as miaht be
anticipated for a gas. The reason for the differences between
the photon wave and a wave in a gas is attributed to the former
system consisting of a wave (the photon) and a background of
photonless bal 15 while the latter consists of a wave (of
balls), background balls and photons which interact with the
background balls and with the balls making the wave.3
The photon (wave) is thus transmitted at a velocity which is
measured with respect to its Immediate background, or more
precisely, with respect to the center of mass of the local
background. The background Is presmed to have a Maxwe
Il-Bottzmann distribution of speed 4 and also pres wed to be
"locallyll isotropic. The background thus has a mean speed and a
met mean square speed which is r3W, 11m., the mean speed.
Consider the case where a photon 15 defined by the brutino
configuration inside a sphere whose canter Is at the carter of
the momentum concentration (as measured relative to the
background). Now presume that the photon is travelIng Into
homogeneous background and that the configuration inside the
sphere (which sphere moves with the photon) is unchanged from
Ono time to the next time.5 Thus, no work is done by the
background upon the photon and, thus, the photon (wave)
propagates by an "Isothemal" (i.e., constant energy) process.
1This bel !of Is based on the large number of observations
which Indicate the constan6y of the speed Of light.
2localisation must be defined arbitrarily since any one
photon Is "felt" throughout the universe - In principle.
3All this statement indicates Is that the two systems are
significantly different.
4This rigorously results from the postulates,as long as the
conf Iguration Is Isotropic In space and time .
5Actually this assumption Is not valid as evidenced by the
galactic red shift which is discussed later. However, this
effect Is believed to have almost no Impact on the wave
propagation speed.
1 DOUGLAS t-i~'k'AYE
jGLAS PRIVATE
A-830-BBOI-JPA
B-53 9-17-69
Page 3
Furthermore, all the. brut~nos in the photon then can be
moving at the same speed as the background in an isothermal
process - the energy transfer results from the brutino
directions being biased. The photon propagation speed thus
15 c - T/Y'3_ where T is the brut! no mean speed. Since c
is known T= 2.997925 ( r3-) x 108 = 5. 18 x 101 m/s
'J. M. Brown, A-833
Advanced Concepts
DOUGLAS PRIVATE
MEIVIQRANDUM.t,
DATE:
TO; R. M. Wood, A-830 A-830-BOOl-JMB-10
FROM: J. M. Brown, A-833
SUI1JECT:CLIRRENT RECOMMENDED TASKS FOR 3-6 MAN EFFORT
0. B. fiarmon' Jr., C. P. Thomas, W. P. Wi Ison,,Jr., A-830; File
REFERENCE
introduction
This memorandum Outlines the rationale and tasks for Advanced
Concepts ' which
are recommended If the anticipated 3-6 W n level funding Is
realized for the
next 12 months.
Theoretical Approach
The principal concept which we have been pointing toward is a
scheme In which randomly moving particles are organized, then
directionaJ]y released for performing work. It Is strongly
believed that gravitation is produced by an organizational
mechanism and, for that matter, all attractive forces
probably result from similar mechanisms rather than from
distortions In the space-time continuum as in current
science. In view of these remar", in view of the fact that an
electron Is the smallest matter particle, (and probably the
simplest) and with the assumption that an elect ron has a
gravitational field, the electron has a central role in the
development of the vehicle concept - In addition,. to its
central role In the theory development.
Qualitative descriptions of the mechanisms for all the properties
of file
Mlootron land osItronI are now available except for tla gravIton
product Ion chan;". The most recant major question unanswered was
concerned with the chanism for producing the discrete properties,
such as its rest energy. e mechanism for producing this
discreteness Is Del ieved to result from density waves which travel
throughout the electron. It Is conceivable that molecular chaos my
govern for the electron and this requirement my be the factor which
produces the discreteness In the electron and In all of quantum
field theory in general. The graviton production mechanism has bow
defined In gross farms.
A rigorous analysis of the electron may require the Continuum
EquatIon, the M tzinann Equat i on, or the BI3GKY approach. A
11 of these avenues shou [d. be pursued vigorously.
Experimental Approach
An atmospheric mode& of the electron not only has the theory advantage
of simulating the electron, but also has the potential practical
advantage of Indicating how to organize molecules for atmospheric
propulsion. These advantages weighed against the disadvantages of
using non-feleal gas particles ILA
.3
DOUG1 A4Z
.,L
TATE
R. M. Wood, A-830 A -830-BBO 1 -JMi3- 10
9-16-68
Page 2
and not knowing the "vortex" size In advance strongly indicate
that we should proceed with the atmospheric "electron" as soon
as possible. Once a stable vortex Is found and If shedding
does wdur, then it should be a simple imatter to simulate
external fields for directing and amplifying the process.
With regard to electromagnetic type experi rents, It is clear
that If a gravity amplification type space propulsion system.
exists or can be built by MDAC-VD then it must result from the
appi Ication of magnetic, electrostatic, and/or photon fields
in appropriate strengths, geomfries and time sequences. 1 feel
extremely confident that all the possible Interactions have
not been found, very confident that we can find some new ones,
and somewhat confident that a gravity amplification propuls!
on system could be found In just this way with no other
supporting analysis. With the supporting analysis, or
conjectures, which are available, 1 feel more confident in
this approach.
Recommended 3-6 Man Program
It appears that a rigorous analysis of the electron probably
wil 1 come from Advanced Concepts personnel; either from
present personnel, our consultant, or from new hires. It does
not appear to be good judgement to expect the analysis to come
from any other source. If new personnel are hired they should
be young PhD mathematical physicists who are willing and able
to work on this project. Such man are hard to find, but a
little Ingenuity and effort will turn them up (for example,
Mr. Clerk Bullard).
The present experimental program (velocity of light/magnefic
field experiment) should be augmented as soon as possible with
the atmospheric electron and the gravi,ty amplification
vehicle experiments. New personnel would not be required to
Implement these programs.
The present Interview program may uncover useful Information.
however, even with a six man team it seems a considerably
better bet to minimize, but not te minate, this effort.
Concluding Remarks
The fol lowling points regarding this recommended
program seem worthy of emphasizing:
1. The theoretical approach should be expanded, but
still must rema In self -contained in the Advanced
Concepts area.
2.The theoretical approach is believed to be quite
"end-product.' oriented.
n^llt'l AC DPIAIAT1Fr
DOUGLAS PrCVATE
R. M. Wood, A-830 A-830-BI30 1 -MB- 10
9-16-68
Page 3
3. The experimental program is being expanded with a strong
emphasis on the end product.
4. Ancl lliary Investigations of psi phenomena, other
unusual phenomena, and contactees are being minimized.
5. The actual effort roccn~-~nded is consistent with the
rough draft briefing which has just been prepared.
J. M. Brown, A-833
Advanced Concepts
JMB:msb
X
1
^~ m~i~!?ATP
M E A 0 R A N D U M
DATE: 7-18-69
TC: R. M. `Wood,
A-830 A-F 30 -BBO 1 -HCB-41
1: H. C. Bjornlle, A-833
~~',-,'BJECT: LIGHT/MAGNETIC FIELD INTERACTION EXPERIMENT
COPIES 70:J. M. Brown, D. 8. Harmen, W. P. Wilson, Jr., A-830;
711e
The light/magnetic field (B/C) interaction
experiment has been performed and concluded. A
description of the experiment, the results and
recommendations are attached to this
memorandum.
~1 C Bjorn 1 i e
1
(CAdvanced Concepts
HCB..msb
Attachment Noted
C
9
1
; i
C11
Fig. - 3. Interferometer, Near End, With Cover Removed- Optical System is
Arranged For Doubleloop Path. End Plate Of Solenoid Is In Upper Right, In line
With Laser AxIs.
Fig. 4. Interferometer, Far End, With Cover Removed. Optical System Is
Arranged For DoubleLoop Path.
Fig. 5. Interferometer, Far End, With Complete Housing Removed. Optical
Element At Right Is Negative lens. Solenoid End Plate Is At left. Protruding
Leads Attach To "Crow-Bar" Circuit And Power Cables. Thermal Insulating Tubes
Lie On Floor Behind Solenoid.
1 r 1 r
~k
1
1
7,7
1
1
J 1~
Fig. 6. Far End Of Solenold Showing "Crcw-Bar" Circuit And Power Cebles.
Fig. 7. Optical Sensor With Housing Removed.
.Fig. 8. Interference Fringes.
Center Section Shows 5-1/4 Wave
Lengths, Lower Section (Barely
Visible) Shows 1-3/4 Wave Lengths
r, ' (
A~
XW1
171
2~
j
1
LIGHTIMAGNETIC FIELD (d/C) INTERACTION EXPERIMENT
It Is conjectured that tho speed of propagation of light
Is modified when passing through a mi~(inetic field. It
is the purpose of this experiment to determine 11 such
an effect exists. The experiment Is to make use of
existing a,-)paratus If possi.ble, with a minimum
expenditure for the purchase of new ~-a,uip"-nt.
METHOD:
A change In light velocity is defected as a change in
wave length of the affected light beam In the following
manner:
One light beam of a Mach-Zender Interferometer Is passed
through the
,air core of a 15 foot long solenoid, which develops a
flux density of 2560 a auss. This beam Is then combined
with the reference beam to forra interferonce fringes
which are focussed on a multi-cell silicondiode
transducer. The electrical output of the cells, and the
Input current to the solenoid are simultaneously and
continuously recorded.
EQUIPMENT:Light Source
University laboratories Inc., Helium-Neon Gas Laser,
Model 240, 1 MI 11 lwatt, 6328A.
Sanborn, Model 53 battory pc~qered 1 10 vdc source,
prcvides alternate power source for laser without 60 Hz
noise.
Optical System
Three front surface nirrors, approximately 1 inch x
1-1/2 Inch (source and characteriGtics unknown). *
One beam splitter, approximately 2-112 Inch x 3 Inch
(FMund Scientific - (characteristics :.,nkno,.vn).
Collins Microflat Co., two granite surface plates with
three adjustable legs, 12 Inch x 18 Inch x 3 Inch; four
granite ang!e plates, 3 inch x 3 inch x 4 inch,
tooircc^,i grade 8.
Magnetic Field
Mag-Tran, Model SA-380 solent-Ad.Two concentric coils, co
ntinuously
wound to produce additive flux;15 ft. long x 2.8 In ' .~h
out.~ide dia.,
wound on an aluminum alloy tube of 1-11/16 Inch outside
dia. The wire
Is #3 gauge square magnet wire (.229 in) with glass fl
laf',X--nt Insulation.
The solenoid is con~air,(--1 ,^,,ithin a steel tube of 3
Inch clitside dia. x
114 Inch wall thickness. 3/~ thick.steelplates are bolt
ed to
welded flanges to close the ends tube.
The tube is supported
on 4 Integral stands wi ~h itr, conter i *. 1 ~- 71/4 inch
above the floor.
The air core of the solencid Is thermal ly Insulateu
7-,..: 1hg al, -~-----
mandrel ny two cencentric PVC plastic tubes (water pipe),-
rovide
a 112 inch dia. air path through the center of the
solenoid.
Power Is supplied by a Miller E)ectric Mfg. Model
SR-100001A, 50 KW at 80,160 or 320 vdc, varlac
controlled. The power supply Is protected by a
"crow-bar" circult consisting of a IN3289 diode (GE
A7013) and a 100 MFD-450 WVDC electrolytic
capacitor In parallel across the solenoid
terminals.
Instrumentation
50
mv
Current through the solenoid Is measured
across a 1000 amp shunt.
The Interference fringes are projected on a ruled
line pattern of the same spacing as the fringes.
The pattern Is ruled with black felt tip pen on
paper vellum which Is cemented to a 2 Inch x 3 Inch
microscope glass Immediately above the light
sensor. The sensor consists of 19 Hoffman 55C
silicon cells (3/16 Inch square) arranged In two
rows. The cells and line patterns are arranged such
that peak voltages for the two rows are phased
180*-apart. Each rowof cells Is series wired.
Output of the sensor Is read as a voltage
differential between the two rows of cells.
A Sanborn model 320 dual channel dc
amplifier-recorder Is used to record the Inputs
described above. When the light source Is operated
on ac power, a 60 Hz fitter (.22 MFD - 51 Kfl) Is
used with the light sensor Input.
See Page 3 for schematIc.of equipment arrangement.
PROCEDURE:
Since the amount of anticipated fringe shift Is an
unknown, preliminary runs were made to visually
observe fringe movement and record voltage and
current readings at the solenoid. Peak power
observed was 49.02 KW (570 a., 86 v.). Fringe
movement was very erratic but indicated that any
effect (signal) would be much less than 11 In
magnitude. To provide a quantitative picture of
fringe movement, the sensor described previously
was fabricated fron. available laboratory surp 1 us
parts. In conjunction with the chart recorder, this
sensor Is capable of resolving % 2 parts In 109.
The majority of the background noise was due to air
temperature variations external to the solenoid.
Thi s was caused by the room air conditioning
outlets immediately above the apparatus. This was
cured by blocking the air outlets and constructing
thermal-insulatIve enclosures for the light path.
Additional noise was Introduced via mechanical
coupling with the power supply blower, This was
eliminated by disconnecting the blower.
Subsequent runs using the fight sensor and recorder
required additional noise reduction by means of a
60 Hz RC filter and Isolation of the solenoid
housing from the thermal covers on the optical
system.
PROCEDURES: (Contd)
The residual random noise was <X/510 for most of the run:;
from #10 through the last one, #17. 1/50 Is the distance
equivalent of the previously stated resolution of % 2 parts
In 109. On tne chart record of runs # 12 and # 13 are i ' 1
us trated the curve deflectiols which would be anticipated
If the maximum field were to cause a 1143 fringe shift.
Comparing these to the actual recorded curves clearly shows
an absence of signal at this field strength.
Heating of the air core of the solenoid durine meration
causes a predictable displacement of fringes at the average
rate of IX/niin. f!6wdver, this poses no problem in signal
discrimination if the field is applied and removed rapidly.
The limiting cycle time for the field *is approximately 4
sec. and is due to manual operation of the varlac. The
measured time constant of the coil (951%) is % .01 sec.
Flux leakage at the end plate joints of the solenoid
housing was checked with a Bell Gaussmeter. Readings of %
10 gauss @ l0Q a. were taken both with and without a
soft-steel wire gasket between end-plate and flange.
RESULT5i.
No signal of the type anticipated was observed within
the limilis of resolution of the existing apparatus W50
or ^. 2 parts in 109).
RECCAAEN0ATIONS:
When the theory is sufficiently advanced to be able to
predict the effect within a few ordcr.s of magnitude,
the possibilifiess of experlmental verification should
bp, examined again. The following improvements to the
present apparatus have been investigated.
Si~.j.n,ai Amplification
An Increase in flux density x length can be
accornplished inexpensively by,
1. Addition of a second solenoid and sece.,;,id
power supply, if available.
2. Recirculating the light beam through the
solenoid three t Imes.
A comparison of these techniques is shadn on Page 5. The
second method above was tried by modifying the existing
apparatus as Indicated on Page 6. To accomodate the
three passes of the bearn through the solenoid, the 2
PVC tubes were rerroved and the apertures in the
end-plates were Increased in size. The aiiqi-,i-.ient
procedure was much more difficult due to the added
mirrors and path length.
n
MAG. FIELD
Power
KW
51
Gauss-Meters
SIGNAL TOMP.
% NOISE
(N t )%
RANDOM
NO I SE
(N R )% .
SIGNAL
N R
144
%10
100
1.44
2. W
^.1 .2
%1.7
600
%10 %250 ^-2.4
r
C01M.PARISON OF PROPOSED MODIFICATiONS TO LIGHT/MAGNETIC
FIELD EXPERIMENT
(Performance Is Compared To Original Experiment In
Percentages)
MODIFICATION
A Two Identical Solenoids
on Existing Power Supply. 169550
Flux Directions Opposing
Each Other.
BTwo Identical Solenoias
On Separate Identical
Power Supplies. Flux 23,000 98 200 %10 100
Directions Opposing
Each Other
C Single Solenoid On
Exi~ting Pawer Supply. 11,500 Act.
Light Beam Recircu- 49 300 100 ^-250
lated to 3 Times 34,500 Eff.
Existing Path Length.
D ModifiCaTian A, Plus 16,550 Act.
Light Beam Recircu- 51 432 %10 %250
lated to 3 Times 49,650 Eff.
Existing PaTh Length, 1
EModification B Plus
23,000 Act. light Beam Recircu-
lated to 3 Times 69,000 Eff. 98
Existing Path Length
,In
i -A
. 1
1
1
1
m
1
1
Cl
.5C~4F-MATIC,, OP NI~ACH-7-;ENDF..,R
WITH DOUBLE LOOP LIGI-4T PA-1'~AS.
LIGHT
S c U R CIF-
B
1
1~
00 - --
m
N1
1-4-!50LEM01 D
E3 13EAM SPLITTF,- P,
FF
7:,pllmGe
PAT - r P-- Rh
6
REDY*IENDATIONS (Ccntd.)
Although this modificaticr; increases the signal threefold,
random noise Is also increased, fringe brightness is reduced
by a factor of 9 and fringe definition Is degraded. With the
existing sensor, slightly modified, It was not possible to
approach the-'resolutlon previously att&ned. This technique
requires a laser of greater intensity and coherency than was
used, in order to achieve the quality of fringe pattern
required.
Improved Resolution
Resolution can be Improved by developing a more sensitive
sensing technique and using synchronous methods for isolating
signal from background noise. By projecting the fringe
pattern on a J_ screen having alternating reflective and
absorbtive li
