NOTE:
I put this page together as information became available to me so it's
not laid out very well, however everything is here and in the order
that I recieved the information.
At the bottom of the page you will find links to the original PDF files.
Dear Torbjon,
Thank you for your enquiry and so glad
that you liked the show.
I've attached the only documents I
have in soft copy format. You'll see from the email, however, that I
got them from a researcher called Andrew Johnson, whose email address
is on the cover note. May I suggest you et in touch with him directly.
Please give him my regards when you do.
Good luck in your own researches and
let me know how you got on.
Best wishes,
Nick Cook
-----
Original Message -----
From:
Andrew Johnson
To: Nick Cook
Cc: Grant Cameron
Sent: Monday, March 07, 2005 12:37 PM
Subject: More info Douglas Aircraft Documents
Nick,
As you can prob. guess, I am not an expert
in dealing with documents. On the face of them, however, I have no
reason to doubt there authenticity:
The documents were offered to Grant Cameron
(presidentialufo@presidency.com) - I have done a few bits and pieces
with Grant in the past. (Grant has done a great deal of research into
what the presidential archives show about the UFO phenomenon, he is
also the guy who put together the WB Smith material.)
They came from someone called Louis (I have
no other info about him) and he wanted to release them into the Public
Domain (unless Grant corrects me on this one!!). Grant may be able to
tell you more (use e-mail address above).
The documents are all dated, and most have document numbers and
most are signed. They are primarily authored by JM Brown and date
from 1967-69 - seems quite
late when taking into account your findings that most of the "open" research appeared to shut
off in the late 50's.
I am
going to process the document pages for posting on my Website www.ukffd.org (although someone
has mysteriously deleted my site in the last few days...)
I have
run the documents through my OCR software and so have attached the text
from the files which it has managed to recognize (a fair number of
errors could be present - I haven't any of it yet). The file name
of the attachment gives the date and title of the document (you
can do "Save All Attachments" if you want to save them to a folder on
your computer).
The
actual scanned documents have quite a few diagrams - if you
download that big Zip file
http://www.cognoscence.net/Douglas/DouglasDocs.zip
(torbtown note: this link seems to be
inactive)
you
will get the whole lot. I am now uploading a new version, with an additional 20 pages, which
were uploaded to my computer last night, so there are now 175 pages in
total (some of which are just cover pages though). The upload won't
finish till about 1:30pm today, however.
I will post all this lot on
a CD either today or tomorrow.
Best Wishes and Regards
Andrew
Andrew,
Many thanks indeed. Am looking
forward to reviewing them in a quiet moment. I'll look out for the
disc, too.
MEMORANDUM
DATE: 10-28-68
TO: R. M. Wood, A-830 A-830-BBO 1
-WPW- 12
FROM: W. P. Wilson, Jr., A-833
SSU
UBJECT: D(PERIMENTAL RESEARCH AND FIELD DATA ACQUISITIONPROJECT
VEHICLE
COPIES TO: J. M. Brown, D. B. Harmon, C. P. Thomas, A-833; File
REFERENCE:1) Prior Related Memoranda and Communications Appendix 1
2) Current Notes on Project Objective Approach Appendix 2
INTRODUCTION
During the project review and planning meeting of October
24 and 25, 1968 certain approaches to the objectives were
discussed. To further project objectives and as a corol
lary to recent theoretical work In the area of basic
particles and radiation, it appears quite advisable to
Implement and expedite the means to:
1)Conduct certain basic laboratory experiments.
2)Provide for related field observations and data
acquisition.
Experimental objectives are to:
1) Attempt to discover and examine any possible,
previously unobserved interaction, between
particles of mass or matter In steady state and
time variant electric and magnetic fields.
2) Emphasize simplicity, utility and effectiveness
- with adequate documentation for theoretical
analysis and considerations forpractical.
applications.
Field observations and data acquisition: Can be
accomplished by portable liself-sustaining" Installations
and mobile "on-the-spot" instrumentation and observational
capabilities. The primary objectives are:
1) Observe and record physical events coincidental to
anornallstic atmospheric occurrences.
2) Re-examine other natural physical events such as
high energy lightning discharges for possible
previously unobserved side effects - (gravity
gradient abberations, etc.).
3) Correlate data to serve as guides for laboratory
research and endpoint applications.
COPY No.
t A (.3 7- -A
DOUGLAS P!'.*: ,,,.TE
R. M. Wood, A-830 A-830-BBO 1
-WFYYJ- 12
10-28-68
Page 2
A br ief review of the referenced memoranda Indicates that
certain of the suggested experiments may be related generically
and as to basic hardware and Instrumentation requirements. A
comprehensive review of the material Is underway and a
categorical listing as to type and/or similarity will follow.
Experimental design philosophy*criteria as discussed at the
fast meeting is briefly tabulated:
Pros Cons
1.low Cost 1. Expensive
2 Gain.Knowledge Independent 2. Often Done Inadvertently
of Success or Failure
3.Uniqueness 3. Risky
4.Safety Considerations 4. Poorly Planned
5. logical Reason to ExpectResults 5. long Delays
6. Pertinent 6. High Visibility
7. Importancel 7. low Payoff
8.Difficult to Justify or
Explain
Additional considerations as to feasibility and priority should
be d.iscussed; from this a general plan of procedures can be
formulated.
Field Data Acquisition
The two-method approach of "portable self-sustaining" and
"Mobile" could be complimentary to the specific project
objectives in addition to supportIng the research of the Space
Sciences Department. To this end preliminary discussion with
the concerned people have been conducted and a "first level"
survey of possibly available "in-house" hardware Is underway.
As a result of a 28 October meeting, Or. William Hildreth will
submit a listing of preferred objectives and instrumentation&
requirements as related to the proposed lightning research. A
coupling of this information with the specific needs of the
"vehicle" project will produce a basic outfine as to the type,
quantity and approximate cost of the overall requirements.
ROUGLAC PRIVATE
DOUGLAS PRIVATE
R. M. Wood, A-830 A-830-13B01-WPW-12
10-28-68
Page 3
OTHER EXPERIMENTS
More recently certain other possibly complimentary and
supplemental experiments have been discussed. If they are not
redundant to other Items, they will be Integrated into the 9tems
to be considereC listing.
A. Atmospheric simulation of electron model.
8. Rotating charge (capacitor) voltage amplification.
C. Magnetic properties of moving current carrying conductor.
D. Magnetic field generation, rotating particles;
Measure, charge density - lifetime -
gravitational effects Influence on other
particles, etc.
E. Particle Radiation Interaction; Bombard
electrons with high energy photons under
various conditions.and measure for possible
gravitational effects.'
ITEMS FOR FURTHER CONSIDERATION
Note: The following material Is abstracted from various memoranda
and discussions of related experimental research. It is presented
as an aid to provide an orderly framework for additional
consideration. 'Tabulation Is In the order of Its appearance or
orijin and may be redundant in some cases.
SOURCE
Reference (1) 8-14-67 - Memorandum Brown - Wood. "Space
Propulsion Concepts".
Page 5 - "Try experiments to test conjectures
Item 1 Test matter magnetic field stability mechanism.
Page 6 - "Run experiment.s on the configuration . . . . . . .
Item 2 - Photon stability. - drag simulation (accelerate
compressed air to sonic speed).
Reference (2) - 12-20-67 - Memorandum Brown/Ha mon - Wood,
"Proposal For Etectrostaf"'tfc/Magnetic Experiment".
Pages 7 and 8 -
Item 3 - Electron and magnet Interaction (three part
experiment using same basic hardware).
DOUGLAS PRWATE
1
ROUGLAS MVATE
R. M. Wood, A.~830
A-830-13B01-VIPW-12
10-28-68
Page 4
Reference (3) - January 1968 - Research Report - K. M.
Evenson and A. D. Goedeke, "Ball lightning Research".
Reporting ball lightning and phenomena observations,
instrumentation and suggestions for future experiments
(see following Reference 11, "Unsolicited Proposal To
Investigate Ball Lightning").
Item 4 Mobile field data acqu;sition.capabilities.
Reference (4) 2-14-68 - Memorandum Brown/Harmon - Wood,
Turrently Prefe-rred Propulsion Concept".
Page 3 - Future Efforts
Item 5 - Discusses methods and emphasis on need for
performing experiments.
Reference (5) - 3-;-68 - Memorandum Wood - File, "UFO
Experiments".
Items 6 to ;9 Inclusive. A tabulation of 14 suggested
experiments some of which are related generically and
may be accomplished with similar ha rdwa re.
"Advanced Concepts
Reference (6) ~ 6-21-68 - Memorandum
Brown - WoodP Briefing".
Item 20 - Presents "Big Picture", discusses broad scope
of program and need for theoretical and experimental
research in specific areas.
Reference (7) - 6-27-68- Memorandum BrownWood, "Proposed Veh
icle P&D
Program". 1
Page 10 - Discusses vehicle development, philosophy
and methods of approach and various means for
experimental research.
Item 21 - Experiments to simulate elementary particles
(atmospheric model, electron simulation).
Pages 12 and 13
Item 22 Vagnetic field effect on light velocity".
Page 14
Item 23 "Generation of high magnet fields".
"Search for Interactions (Grav.1EM not
previously sought".
DOUGLAS PRWATE
DOUGLAS PRIVATE
R. M. Wood, A-830
A-830-BB01-WPW-12
10-28-68
Page 5
Reference (8) - 8-22-68 Memorandum Thomas Wood, `rhe New
Vehicle".
Pages 3 and 4 -
Item 24 - Discusses potential dangers of experimentation.
Reference (9) - 8-22-68 - Memorandum Thomas Wood, "Magnetic
Experiments".
Item 25 - Velocity of propagation of magnetic fleld.
Reference (10) - 8-22-68 - Memorandum Brown/Harmon/Wilson -
Wood, 11GA Propulsion System".
ltem"26 - Test for possible gravity amplification effects
In interaction of electron beam, magnetic field and
photon radiation configurations.
Reference (11) - 8-23-68 - Rpsearch Proposal Space Sciences
Department, 'Yroposal To Investigate Ball lightning".
Item - (Refer to Item J,'Field Data Acquisition
Facilities).
Reference ( 12) - 8-26-68 - Memorandum Thomas - Wood,
"Reconywnded Experiment".
Item 27 - Bennett Sturmertron G-Field Experiment.
Reference (13) - 8-27-68 - Memorandum Brown - Wood, "Concerning
The Absence Of Formal Eontact".
Discusses rationale and philosophy of a formal contact
with Inte'lligent beings of extraterrestrial origin.
Item 28 - Field research and data acquisition might
provide further relevant Information.
Reference (14) - 9-16-68 - Memorandum Brown Wood, "Current
Recommended Tasks for 3-6.Man Effort".
Experimental Approach -*Pages 6, 7 and 9.
Item 29 - Atmospheric model of electron.
Item 30 - Electromagnetic type of experiments.
Item 31 - Velocity of light/magnefic field experiments.
Item 32 -Ancillary Investigations of psi phenomena, etc.
DOUGLAS PRWATE
œ)0(J'3LA$ P RIWAT
R. M. Wood, A-830 A-830-BBO 1
-WPW-1 2
10-2d-68
Page 6
Reference (15) - 10-28-68 Page 3 this memorandum, "Other
Experiments".
Items 33 - 38 (Reference Experiments A, B, C, D, E).
SUMMARY
It Is hoped that a review of these Items and a further
consideration of potentially fruitful experimental research
wIll produce paths to the end product objectives. As a
budgetary consideration experimental thinking has. been
oriented to relate as much of*the research to the same
hardware as might be practical. Specific experiment design
and required engineering could follow a program analysis and
definition.
W. P. Wi Ison, Jr., A-833
WMmsb
DOUGLAS'P T1TATE'
1 NOEX
1 Memorandum A-830-BBOI-J~.1,3-2, dated 8-14-67, "SPACE
PROPULSION CONCEPTS",
to R. M. Wood from J. M. Brown.
2.Memorandum dated 12-20-67, "PROPOSAL FOR
ELECTROSTATIC/MAGNETIC
EXPERIMENTS% to R. M. Wood from J. M. Brown/I). B. Harmon.
3.Research Report DAC-60941, "BALL LIGHTNING RESEARCH AT
HIGHLAND LOOK(X.1T,
b0.~TANA", dated January 1968, by Space Sciences Department.
4,Memorandum A-830-BBOI-JtA,.B-1, dated 2-14-68P "CLIRRENTLY
PREFERRED PROPULSION
CONCEPT% to R. M. Wood from J. M. Brovin/l). B. Harmon.
5.Memorandum A~830-BB01-7, dated 1 March 1968, "UFO
EXPERIMENTS", to File
from R. M. Wood.
6.Memorandum A-830-B801-,1MB-3, dated 6-21-68 and Attachment
"ADVANCED
VEHICLE CONCEPTS RESEARCH" briefing charts, dated 2 May 1968,
to R. M.
Wood from J. M. Brown.
7.Memorandum A-830-B[301-JViB-2, dated 27 June 1968, "PROPOSED
VEHICLE R&D
PROGRAM (Project BITBR), to R. M. Wood from J. M. Brown.
8.Memorandum A-830-CPT-4, dated 8-22-68, ~ITHE NEW VEHICLE", to
R. M. Wood
from C. P. Thonlas.
9. Memorandum A-830-13B01-CPT-5, dated 8722-68, "MAGNETIC
EXPERIMENTS% to
R. M. Wood from C. P. Thomas
10.Memorandum A-830-131301-JMI3-6, dated 8-22-68, "GA PROPULSION
SYSTEM% to
R. M. Wood from J. M. Brown1D. B. liarmon/W. P. Wilson.
11.Research Proposal, Enclosure (1) to DAC Letter
A-13P1341~-68-508Q,
dated 23 August 1968 to ONR, "UNSOLICITED PROPOSAL TO
INVESTIGATE BALL
LIGHTNING PHENOMIENAll.
Communication, dated 8-16-68, C. R. Hill to Dr. R. M.
Wood, re: "BALL LIGHTNING PROGRAM FOR ONIR11.
12.Memorandum A-830-BBOI-CPT-7dated 8-26-68, 11RECOMMENDED EXP
ERIMENT", to
R. M. Wood from C. P. Thoma s.
13.Memorandum A~830~BBOI-JtA,.5-8, dated 8-27-68, "CONCERNING
THE ABSENCE OF
FORMAL CONTACT% to R. M. Wood from J. M. Brown.
14.Memorandum A-830-13601-JMI3-10, dated 9-16-68, "CURRENT
RECOMMENDED TASKS
FOR 3-6 MAN EFFORT", to R. M. Wood from J. M. Brown.
APPENDIX 2
MEMORANDUM
DATE: 8-22-68
ro: R. M. Wood, A-830 A-830-BBO 1
-JMI3-6
FROM: J . M. Brown/0. B. Harmon, Jr.S. P. Wilson, Jr., A-830
SUBJECT:GA PROR.ILSION SYSTEM
COPIES TO.. FI le
REFERENCE:
INTPODUCTION
This memorandum contains a description of a GA (Gravity
Amplification) propulsion system that may have
appli*cational possibilities. The s;nnlflcance of this
presentation Is that a complete propulsion system Is
described which has the two properties:
1.The system agrees In general concept with the kinetic
particle theory of physics.
2. The components of the system consist of known and
avallable,pleces of hardware.
From certain viewpoints the above statements may not seem
too Important, but In consideration of the advanced concepts
goals the descriptions presented here are significant. The
utility expected of this memorandum Is for guiding further
analyses and experiments.
CONCEPTUAL DESCRIPTION OF THF SYSTEM
2, All matter, and only matter . Is
believed to set uD a gravitational field. In the kinetic
particle theory the mechanism of the gravitational field is
presumed to be due to the collection by matter of ba sic
particles from the free field and then ejecting the
basfc'perticies In the form of a composite, non-matter and
non-radiation Interacting particle. This composite particle
Is the 9 Iton which moves at the speed of light and has an
angular momentum of 2W. in general, the basic particle
collection is frem an ennidirectional field and the
cempos;te particle emission is onni-directional. A net force
can be obtained by emitting all the pravitons In a given
direction - the force on the emitter will be oppos*lte the
graviton emission dlrect;on.
Such a*force for a vehicle on the earth's surface would be
twenty orders of magnitude less than the earth's
grav;tatfonal.force. In order to obtain .a 1 g propulsion
system, for example, It Is thus necessary to Increase the
graviton production rate by twenty orders of magnitude.
1
This gravitational mechanism used In this system is described
In Reference 1.
2 Ant'l-mat - ter Is a form of matter.
qcpy No.
DOUGLAS PRIVATE
DOUC-LAS
R. M. Wood, A-830 A-830-RBOI-JMR-6
8-22-68
Paqe 2
An electron is the smallest piece of matter which has been
identified. An electron Is believed to have a gravitational
field. The aravitons emitted by an electron probably either
are alonq the snin axis (and, if so, hopefully only In one
direction) or are perpendicular to the spin axis. Cii
rectionality of the graviton emission presumably can be
obtained by a'liqninq the electron spin vectors p using a
magnetic field, all in the same direction (and sense). An
additional maqnettc field may be reouired to assure qraviton
emission in a particular direction. Graviton production rate
presumably can be increased by usina extrerrely larqe steady
state magnetic fields (meqaqauss, or more) with a small, verv
high frequency component. A frequency corresponding to the
rate at which light goes around the electron classical
circumference may be required, i.e., 1023 cps, for this hIgh
frequency component.
SYSTS11 HARDVIARE
The system consists of an electron source to supply initial
electrons and to replace electrons which leak out, an
electron polarizer to alian the electron spin axes, a
torroidal electron accumulator which contains the aligned
electrons all movinq In a circular path,and a magnet external
to the electron accumulator, see Figure 1.
-~4,EC 7-,r- 0 oi
FIGURE 1
GRAVITY AMPLIFICATIOM PPOPULSin~l SCHPIATIC
DOUGLAS PP,
DOUGLAS MVATE*
R. bl. Wood, A-830' A-830-BRO I-VIB-6
8-22-68
Page 3
The electron source is simple. It must supply
electrons to fill the accumulator initially.
Subsenuent demands are made only to resupply electrons
which are accidentally lost frem the accumulator.
An electron polari*zer is used in q-factor experiments on
the electron. The polarizer afiqns the electron spin axes
all in the same direction but not in the same sense. A
sorter at the riqht end in Fiqure 1 takes those with one
sense and inserts them tanqentially into the accumulator.
The ones in the other sense are either dumped or turned
around and sent into the accurnulator In the same direction
as the other electrons.
The accumulator keeps the electrons moving all at one
prescribed speed at a given time and parallel to the
centroidal axis of the torrold. The electrons are presumed
to consist of srrall time varying density reqions so that
the electrons themselves form the hinh frequency component
of the magnetic field. The motion of the electrons produce a
larqe rragnetic field.
The external magnet produces the directionality of the
oraviton release -presumably normal to the paper in Figure
1, either in or out of the paper, but not in both
directions.
CWICLUDING REMARKS
There are a large number of conjectures In the conceptual
system described. Many of these conjectures for the various
components are amenable to analytical and experimental
checks; some can be checked only by an experimental model of
the complete system. It Is anticipated that further
definitive work will be accomplished.
J. P. Brown, A-833 D. F3. Harmon, Jr., A-830W. P. Wilson, Jr.
A-833
References:
1. "Proposed Vehicle P&O Program (Project RITPRY'
2. Memorandum A-830-BPOI-JP'P-2, 27 June 1968, to P. 1.1. Wood
from J. M. Rrown
MEMORANDUM
DATE: 8-1-68
R. M. Wood, A-830
FROM: J. M. Brown/W. P. Wilson, Jr., A-833
SUBJECT:INTERVIEW WITH BARBARA J. HICKOX
COPIES TO: File
REFERENCE: Report No. 680701-2, Tape #2
Mrs. Barbara J. Hickox was interviewed by J. M. Brovin and W.
P. Wilson, Jr. on 31 July 1968 from 10:15AM to 11:00Abl at
her residence which is at 153 East 53rd Street in Long Beach,
California.
Mrs. Hickox reported to Mr. and Mrs. C. K. Druffel of NICAP
that she had seen and ridden an aerospace vehicle manned by
extraterrestrial beings. The purpose of the visit was to
explore the possibility of obtaining useful technical
Information from PArs. Hickox.
1
Mrs. Hickox lives with her daughter Tracy (age 6) in a very
Inexpensive house in a very old section of town., Mrs. Hickox
works, on call, as a contract key punch operator which pays
her $3.00 per hour. She is approximately 5' 9" tall, weighs
approximately 160 pounds, and is around 40 years old. She has
been married several times - her m Iden name is Hickox.
At the very outset of the discussion Mrs. Hickox made it
clear that she did not want to be exploited. She stated that
she had given away ideas worth four million dollars to
various people and she didn't want to give away any more. On
the other hand, she said she was making all the money she
wanted and had all the luxuries of life. She was not
interested in getting involved by becoming rich.
We did not discuss tier observation s made while aboard the
vehicle. She talked about a unique rriethod for producing a
vacuum, a unique method for transmitting radiation energy
non-violently (in contrast to a laser), a patent she had
issued to her on a piece of furniture fashioned after the
spacecraft propulsion system,and her method of making
extensive sketches in order to convey her Ideas to other
people. 1 absolutely could not make sense out of what she was
saying. However, we did not explore these questions further
in order not to be in the position of accepting useful infor
nation then being potentially liable for that Information.
Vie discussed the possibility of employing Mrs. Hickox as a
consultant. We told her that if she accepted employment as a
consultant the company would expect to own any Ideas divulged
by her. She would, in return, receive the agreed-upon hourly
compensation. We agreed to proceed with background infor
mation gathering to prepare a recommendation to our
manageme-nt that she be employed as a consultant at a rate of
slightly over $3.00/hour. If our checks on her * resulted in
our recornmendatlon to managerent and if management
concurred, then a few exploratory hours of h(~r time would be
utilized. Further time might then be warranted to go into
various areas in great depth. Primarily in her description of
the vehicle and its propulsion system.
J. M. Brown, A~833 W. P. Wilson, Jr.
J MB: WN: ms b nni int An PRIVATE
M . ~ic)c)d , A -R 3,3 DATE: June
A-830-BBOI-JIAB
-2
FROM: J. Pli. Brown, A-e33
SUBJECT: VEHICLE R0 F~l~OGRAM., (Project DITBR)
CoPIES TO:1). P. Harmon, Jr., W. P. Wilson, Jr., A-830; File
RLFF-RENCE:
Attached is a description of the Vehicle R&D Program
which highlights the technical aspects of the background
and oul lines the immediate future efforts. The efforts
outlined, in -this memorandum are intended' to reflect
the feedb a c k, from I h e M, an agernent Briefing,
"Advanced Vehi c I e Conce pt Research" which started on
2 May 1968. Note particularly lho' for each different
principal area of the effort there are defini-te(V
identifiable initial goals whose achievement or
non-achievement can be assessed. Subsen ' uent goals are
identified but become more nebulous. Finally, note that
the section on the lumped-parameter analy-sis of the
electron should provide a determination of all the
background ;ieid parameters. In turn, this will provide
the capability to c(ripjle the amount of fringe shift
for the experiment curren~ly being performed to measure
the effect on the velocity of light produced by a
magnetic field.
This mt~,morandum should serve as the core for a
ccinprehevsive description of the project which is
Independent of lhe project personnel.
gn,
J. M. Brown, A-833
MB: nisb
Attachment ~ Noted
DOUGLA 5. P R 1 VA-
1E
PROPOSED VEHICLE
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAM
25 JUNE 1968
V A
TIE--
The purpose of this memorandum is lo out 1 ine a tangible
step~-by-step research and devel opment program wh i ch w i 1 1 p.rovi
de f i rm answers rega- rd ing a number of bui Iding b locks wh ich,
are identi f ied as possible elements of advanced propulsion systems.
Two principal approaches and a secondary approach are out I ined. The
principal a.pproaches consist of 1 evolving the systems from bas i c
phys i cs and evol v i na d i rec'i 1 y f rom an ana. 1 ys i s of UFO
(Un i dent i f i ed ~Flying Object) observations. Of course, any
information generated from one approach wi 1 1 be fed into the other
approaches.
The basic physics approach to a great extent is based on a new
theory of physics ~ the kinetic particle theory. The program outlfined
here wi 11 rigorously examine the validity of the kinetic particle
theory using a sure, but laborious, lumped -parameter analysis. It is
also proposed to supplement the lumped-parameter analysis with an
elegant, but not necessarily sure, parallel approach. Laboratory
experiments are described which test the kinetic particle theory and,
at the same time, are very close to vehicle propulsion configuralions.
An ancillary approach to vehicle design is based on the assumption
that UFO's are extraterrestrial vehicles and that design clues may be
obtained by studying data from these vehicles. These data may be
obtained from the
1
1 iterature, individual observers, or from communication
schemes uti 1 ized by the vehicles. The data obtained may be
usable to directly configure vehicle tyPe experiments or to
give technical insight into the vehi~-le design.
In order to cover all bets a number of miscellaneous avenues
have been,
and wi 1 1 continue to be, pursued with low priority. A
discussion of these efforts is included in this memorandum.
This discussion completes a comprehensive coverage of the
Advanced Concepts efforts.
The final section of this memorandum summa rizes the immediate tasks
which it is anticipated will be pursued.
0
AS
-1
T9W_
VEHICLE OBSERVATION BACKGROUND
There are many UFO (rinidentified Flying Objecls) 6bservations which are
readi ly explainable by the.' extraterrestrial vehicle hypothesis and which
are difficult to explain with any other hypothesis. The bulk of these
"extraterrestrial vehicles" have. characteristics which are consistent with
out current understanding of scientific limitations, even though their
capabilities exceed our current technology. Exceeding our current
technology, of course, is quite consistent %..,ith the extraterrestrial
vehicle hypothesis. Some of the "vehicle" observat*.ons, however, indicate
capabi 1 Mes which exceed our scientific limitations. The principal
capability of this type is that indicated by extremely high acceleration
rates and other gravitational control (anecdotal) data. The vast majority
of the "vehicle" sightings indica~e that strong magnetic fields are
generated by the vehicles. These fields ari presumed to be cQnnc,.c'led
with the propulsion system.
This background indicates that some UFOls.may be extraterrestrial
vehicles; they certainly have not been proven otherwise. The existence of
extraterrestrial vehicles indicates that vehicles can be built which would
have capabi . Iiiics quite useful to McDonnell Douglas Corporation. In
addition, if the UFO's are vehicles then the UFO observations give clues
for guiding a research and development program for evolving the vehicles.
In summary, the results of an analysis of the UFO observations provide the
basis for M113C management to allocate a small expenditure for high
risk-high payoff vehicle R&D. At the same time , the observations provide
guidelines for conducting The vehicle R&D.
KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY BACKGROUND
The postulates of a comprehensive kinetic particle theory of physics
were formulated and published in 1965,*see Reference 1. The consequences of
these Postulates were'examined somewhat in Reference 1 but in greater depth
in Reference 2, still greater depth in Reference 3, and further during the
past year by the Advanced Concepis personnel *in the Research and
Development Organization of the PlcDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company.
ihe postulates of the theory afe that spa~e and lime are. separate
and absolute. (Galilean) and that a~l matter, radiation, and a
backpround ether consists of one type part lcle which c~)eys the law of
inertia, is elastic, and spherical. Otherwise, the. particles are
c~.plete.ly inert and all forces, e.g., nuclear, electromagnetic, decay,
and gravitation, are produced by particle collisions.
Classical me&ianics results rigorously from the postulates. The
theory would he accepted by the physics community as a unifying theory
if the following three goals were achieved:
1.The el~.~entIzry particles were derived from the Postulates.
2. Special theory of relativity observations were
deri"d from the postulates.
3.The mechanism of gravitation were derived from ihe pistulates.
The approach currently being taken to achleve the above,
as well as other results, is to derive the characteristics
including relativistic effects and the fields, of all
fundamental particles. Current understanding of the various
areas is outlined in the foil owing paragraphs.
Theelementary particles are believed tobe stablel cone-ntrations
of
the basic background particles. The configuration of an electron is
defined
in the most detail of all the elementary particles. The electron is
believed
lo be a two-component vortex in which the axial flow corresponds to
the mag
netic'm~nt whi le the tanoential flow corresponds to the angular
mowntum.
The two flows together make the electrostatic field when the
electron is at
rest. When moving, the two flows.make the electrostatic and the
magnetic
field. The quantitization of the electron mass, and of the angular
momentum
for all particles is believed to result frem a self-induced pinch,
or mutual
shielding, phenomena. All elementary particles are either
translatory waves
(photch 5, neutrinos, gravitons) or standing waves (electrons,
muons, pions,
kaws, neuc;eons, and other bayron's) in the ether.
In terms of elementary particles, life times significantly longer
than 10-23
sec are ',stable". Particles with lifetimes up to only a few orders
to magnitude greater than 10-23 sec are termed "resohances".,
o'
5
Special theory of relativity observations are believed
to-result since
& 1 observed phenomena in the universe are waves (translatory
or standing) of
classical (New~onian) particles and thus are governed by the
classical wave
equal-ion, V2V = _(l/C2)D2 /~t2 (c = speed of light). In this
equation the
square of each space coordinates has evactly the same role as
-c 2t2. Thus,
consideritiq a space-time continuum wi th x, y, and z on the
same basis as
i c t (i 1) is quFte similar to considering a classical wave
existing in
an absolute space-absolule
Gravilation is believed to be due to th.e gradual
collection of basic parl-icles from the background by all
matter and then a pulse. emission of a group of the basic
particles in the form of a non-interacting particle (graviton
or neutrino).
A general equation has been derived during the past year,
see Appendix A, which represents the character i sti cs of
large numbers of the basic particles. This equal-ion, in
principle, provides the capability for comprehensively
investigating all ramifications of the theory. However, the
equation is complex and closed form solutions may be difficult
to obtain.
This kinetic particle theory predicts th~t photon velocity
will be reduced if light goes along a magnetic field against
the field lines and increased when with the field lines.
Current theory predicts no change. A laboratory experiment
currently is in process to examine th*s effect.
In summary, the kinetic particle theory is a precisely
formulated theory which is capable of being rigorously tested.
The first analysis block, the derivation of classical
mechanics, has been completed. The first majorstep of
subsequent blocks, the continuum equation, has been derived.
Qualitative descriptions of the expected solutions of the
continuum equation are available and should be quite useful in
seeking solutions. These qualitative descriptions provide the
basis for all areas of physical science and are sufficiently
detailed that they provide a feeling that the theory should be
successful.
V-~-~-'~ICLE PROPULSION BACKGROWD
Thetypes of propulsion Qhich are of primary interest ar.
e
gravitational control and amplification and matter
an.nihilation, see Appendices B and C. Gravitational control
and amplification research currently is along the fine of
verifying the previously defined gravitational mechanism, see
Page 6, determining how to increase th e graviton (or
neutrino) production rate by many orders of magnitude
(possibly with high magnetic fields), and simultaneously
direcling the gravitons opposite the vehicle desired thrustl.
Matter- annihilation consists of changing matter into photons
or the basic particles which would be directionally emitted.
Again, the primary approach to annihilation is by the use of
high magnetic fields. In fact in all these propulsion schemes
it appears that a quickly changing magnetic field (which, of
course, is equivalent to a changing electrostatic field) or
fields is the only approach so far identified to initiate the
propulsion mechanism. Note again that the high magnetic
fields in the UFO reports and t he high acceleration rates
may be consistent with the, kinetic particle theory.
The kinetic particle theory of matter provides the
capability for examining gravity control and amplification,
matter annihilation to basic particles, and matter
annihilation to photons. Current physic'al theory only
provides the capability of examining the last named propulsion
concept. The next section outlines the step-by-step analytical
and experimental approaches to examine these propulsion
concents.
A a final note on propulsion concepts it seems that any one
of three different arguments justify the experiment to produce
in the laboratory as high a magnetic field as possible. These
separate arguments are:
I.UFO data indicate the ise of high magnetic fields.
2. The propulsion concepts derived from the kinetic
particle theory indicate that high magnetic fields
would be used.
3. From current physics it seems to be a safe bet that
new, unidentified propulsion concepts would utilize
high magnetic fields.
Such a scheme may permit a human to withstand acceleration
rates of hundreds, or thousands, of g's.
7
For al 1 of ihese reasons,mannetic field generai ion scher
ries wi 11 be
studied analytical ly and -experimental iy.
CONTINUUM EQUATION ANALYSIS
The firsi step in the evaluation of the consequences of
the postulates of the kinetic particle theory of physics
consisted of deriving all of classical mechanics. This step
has been acco~;)plished, set. Reference 3. Th i s first step
was accomplished by considering the basic particles
individually, or two at a time. The next step requires a
quantitative description of ensembles of large numbers of the
basic particles, since it is presumed that ;arge numbers of
basic particles are required to make an individual photon,
neutrino, or electron, for example. These parlicles are the
"objects" which are observed in nature while the laws of
classical mechanics are generalized laws which '.govern" the
acti.on of the particles of nature. The continuum equation is
a general integro-differential equation which describes the
action of large enough numbers c.' the basic particles so 1hat
the particles produce the action of a continuum.
Ap pendix A consists of the derivation of the continuum
equation. The equation consists of a number of opef-ations
upon the particle density function n phase space. The density
function is represented by so and depends upon three spatial
coordinates (x, y, z), three velocity coordinates (2, s), and
upon time. The function is defined such that at a given time
the expected number of particles in an increment of phase
space (a position space increment UAyAz times a velocity space
increment MAs) is given by YAXtYAZA~t'AS. The equation relates
the net density of parti cles at a particular (position) phase
spacn point convected out less the density of particles
scattered in plus the density of particl es scattered out to
the time rate of increase in 1he particle density function.
.While this equation is believed to be quite general in
that a complete human, for example, is presumed to be one
solution, or eigenstate, of the equation, it is not
anticipated that the equation would ever be used to derive
complex asserriblacles. Inslead, the equation should be
useful for deriving
s up) to and poss i b 1 y through th
a 5 S e,,9') 1 ap, c e quantum levels and thus forming
a new basis, possibly with siigh-liy modified consequences, for
quantum theory.
In particular, it is anticipated that pholons', neutrinos,
gravitons, electrons,
and all the other nuclear particles (allof which in current phys
ics are pos
tulated) should result as eigenstates of the equation.
in working on this equation there are a number of distinct
avenues which
can be pursued. The first item should be to obtain an independent
check of
the derivation. The area which is most likely to have an error is
the analy
sis of the probability of scattering into a given increment of
velocity space.
Even if the in-scattering analysis is correct as presented in
Appendix A, it
is quite possible that a more useful form of the result could be
derived by
an alternate approach. Another item is to examine the existence of
solutions.
For many differential equations it has been possible by utilizing
established
techniques to prove that various types of solutions do, or de not,
exist.
Such could well be worthwhile. However, the significant
pro
bl--,ii -s to find stable, non-trivial eigenstates of I-Vie
equation. The simplest
non-t r i v i a 1 so 1 ut i on an 1 i c i pated correspond s to the
Miaxwe 1 1 -Bo 1 tzmann d i stir i
bution in the kinetic theory of gases. This distribution consists
of a uni
form spatial distribution of particles which have a variable
distribution of
speeds. The exact conditions necessary and sufficient for this
solution are
unknown. The assumptibn of ergodicity and the less restrictive
assumption of
particle chaos are strongly believed to be sufficient. The next
more complex
solution of interest is to determine if a double vortex (standing
wave) solu
tion corresponding to the conjectured electron exists. If tnis were
a solu
tion, then the kinetic particle theory of science would be
established - thi-S
being recognized as a major milestone.
If this step were accomplished then the next step will be to
examine the time-varying solutions to ascertain if the electron goes
through a cycle of growing (collecting basic particles from the
background) then shedding a neutrino or graviton. If so, and if the
shedding rate is quantitatively correct, then the mechanism of
gravitation will have been established. The final step to obtain a
propulsion concept is to examine the effect of externally.
9
Lumped parameter techniques applied to the analysis of the conjectured
elemen'tary particle configurations have the advantage of providing,
within net fineness constraints, straight-forward sure methods of proving,
or disproving, the stability of the configurations. Thus, for a given
configuration selection, a routine, sure, but laborious analysis technique
exists. It is felt that the conjectured electron configuration has a high
likelihood of being sufficiently accurate so +hat, coupled with its
extreme stability 0ifetime >1021 years), a relatively coarse lumped
parameter analysis would prove stability.
EXPERIMENTS TO SIMULATE ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
Once an analysis (closed form or lumped-parameter) of an electron is
completed which provides a steady-state description, then a simulation of
the electron in the atmosphere using air molecules can be constructed.
Such a simulation may be useful to check on a lumped-parameter
steady-state solution. ,However, the principal utility of the simulation
is expected to indicate standing wave patterns, if they exist, and the
free-field collection - neutrino/
ap ' Plied
electromagnetic fields on the shedding rate. The application of
steady state and varying.mag netic fields, electrostalic fields,
and photon
f 1uxes shou 1 d be exam i n ed. If the shedding rate can be
increased several
tens of orders of magnitude and can be directionally released,
then the
gravity amplification propulsion concept will^exist.
This research on the continuum equation is recognized as
being of a high order of difficulty, but the payoff is high.
It should be noted, however, that each step is quite
definitive in that not only the goal but the approach to each
step should be quite clear to an expert on partial
differential equations.
Extensions and modifications of this approach which would
examine all fundamental particles as well as the matter
annihilation propulsion scheme sean to be clear and not
~,;o~thy of dwelling upon at the preseni time.
LUMPED PARMAIETER A.JALYS I ~
1,
0
,c
T
graviton ejection cycle, which is believed to exist. This
type simulalion could be extremely useful and possibly could
be extended to all of the fundamental matter particles
including their interactions as well as photon emission.
ANALYSIS OF UFO OBSERVATIONS
Three avenues appear worthwhile for obtaining useful data
from th e UFO's: 1. Compilation of data in the literature.
2. Interviews with "contacte.e.-,". 3. ESP.
There are many books (100's), magazine arlicles, and other
sources of UFO reports. If the data in these reports were
carefully organized and scientifically studied, which io our
knowledge has never been done, it is possible that useful
clues to the construction of a vehicle would eme'rge. In view
of this, a concerted effort is now in process to extract all
useful data from the tens of UFO books and the many magazines
which currently are at hand. In extracting the data the only
c-iterion wi 1 1 be whether or not the item c-x~ tracted is
descriptive of the UFO or its occupants or of the local
environment. A form has been evolved for recording the
extracted data, see Appendix D. It is art icipated tbdt mos-
events viould be reported on the one page. However, extensive
reports such as D. W. Fi^y's would start with this form but
would extend many pages. Eventually this portion of the
program should result in an extensive report which provides
broad coverage of the literature.
For the purposes here a 'Iconll*actee" *is defined as a
person who may have vehicle data (principally propulsion data)
which would be useful design clues. Appendix E is a start of
makina a list of potential contactees. Once the list is
completed a cost/p?yoff ordering will be made and the
inierview plan will be f i rmed up.
Throughout much of the UFO literature there are indications
that the
observers have been communicated infom.ation by
non-conventional mans,- pre
sufflably by extra sensory preception (ESP). Comments such as
"I heard it in
71X
rn,\l head," are cor,~tr!--n. A lo,.,j priorily effort will be
made to study the literat tire, to measure the si gna l,' carr
ier (most 1 i ke ly e 1 ectrornagneti c f ie 1 ds) , and to
determine how to communicaie in this manner. If it can be
esta.blished that the communication scheme is real, then the
last goal certainly should be achievable. If the communication
scheme can be established, this in itself would be a
significant achievement. However, the utility to us would be
to obtain, vehicle clues by "eavesdroppincill or possibly by a
direct back and forth communication link. The first step.in
th.is program beyond the low level literature survey wi 11 be
to measure the magnetic fields (and possibly other phenomena)
around someones head when he is supposedly receiving ESP commi
un 1 c et i on.
bl 1 SCELLANEY
The approach so far utilized in the development.of the kinetic
particle theory of physics has been to continually broaden the
scope of a ' ualitative application of the theory as a result of
reading a large number of books in diverse sci,entific areas whi
le al- the same time generally tightening the analysis everywhere
throughout the structure and particularly making the analysis
perfectly rigorous where possible. It is believed that this
approach is being successful and should be continued.'
There are a large number of phenomena, particularly so cal led
psychic phenomena, which appear to be beyond current science.
These phenomena may not be physical, but they may be. In case of
the latter, then clues to the structuring of a new theory may
result from a study of these phenomena. In order to maximize
success potential a small literature survey and limited
investigation effort on all *strange phenomena appears to be well
worthwhile. Along this line there exists the phenomenon of "water
dousing" which undoubtedly works but is not understood. This
phenomenom is definitely worth examining and it is planned to
investigate it in the forthcoming months.
Finally, experiments which the kinetic particle theory predicts
outcomes which differ from current theory wi 11 be considered for
performing. A particular experiment along this line is the
"magnet.ic* field effect on light
0
velocily" cxperimn-t currently being performed. The weakness
of this experiment is that the effect has not been
quantitatively determined. This w i 1 1 be remedied as a
result of the analysis outli-ned above in the Co*ntinuum
Equation Analysis or Lumped-Parameter Analysis.
13
DOUGInS, P`VATE
11,1,"'1~--DIATE PRIORITIES
1 tem Personnel
Continuum Equation Analysis Pipes/Brown
Check Equation
Exanine Existence of Solutions
De r i ve Maxwe 1 1 -Bo 1 tzmann D i s tr i b ut i on
Derive Electron Steady State
lumped-Parameter Analysis Brown
Examine Electron Steady State
Generat ion of High ~.,',agnetic Field Bjornlie
Generate Higher Field Than. Previously Generated
Search for Interactions (Grav./EM) Not Previously Sought
Analysis of UFO Observations Wilson
Compile and Organize Literature
Plan Interviews of Contactees
Miscellaney
Complete Magnetic/Light Speed Experiment Bjornlie
t)OUG!-œ~,s r-r,-l,TVATE
REFERENCES
1. Brown, J. M., UnifieJ Physics, Pari 1, JMB Co, Los
Angeles, California, 1965.
2.Brown, J. M., Advanced Physics, JMB Co., Los Angeles,
California, 1966.
-z cs
3. Brown, J. M. , Advanced Physics, Thi rd Edition,
MB Co. Los Ang, California, 1967.
0
10
MEMORANDUM
DATE: 2-14-68
TO: R. M. Wood, A-830
FROM: J. M. brownffi. 13. Harmon, A-830
SUBJECT:CURRENTLY PREFERRrED PROPULSIO:A C0NCEPT
COPIES TO: C. P. Thomas, A-830; File
REFERENCE:
INTRODUCTION
In a previous memorandum, Reference 1, a broad spectrum of
propulsion concepts was listed and discussed. Certain general
directions of effort which could lead to a propulsion concept were
outlined in this reference. The purpose of this memorandum is to
review the efforts of the past six months, indicate the presently
preferred propulsion concept, point out the various degrees of
confidence felt for each parameter or portion of the propulsion
concept, and indicate the diree'lion of future effort.
BACKGROUNE)
The propulsion concepts spectrum listed In Reference 1
essentially consisted of a generic listing of all knudn
possibilities. For various reasons of flexibility, efficiency, and
funding the concepts were screened so that three generic types
remained for consideration:
1. External sources - a. Earth Magnetic Field
b.Earth Electrostatic Field
c.Earth Gravitational Field
2.Stored Energy - Nuclear Annihilation
3. Free Field Energy -a. Brutino Field
b. Air Molecules
Furthermore, for space propulsion, types 1 and'3b are eliminated.
Thus, efforts ditring the past six months have been directed along
the general appro~-ch of nuclear annihilallion and brutino free field
energy.
Nuclear annihilation consists of converting the Individual
(orbital) electrons (and nuclear particles) into photons (neutrinos
and/or brutinos). Since the nuclear binding forces as well as the forces
which hold individual nuclear particles together are presumed to be due
to brutino fields (i.e., brutino flow patterns), by sufficiently
rearranging the fields it should be possible lo break up matter. Matter
z3nnihila~iiori requires high intensity fields and the degree of
intensity may depend somewhat upon the individual matter particle being
annihilated. When technology has advanced so that sufficiently high
fields are obtained, matter annihilation undoubtedly will be discovered
as a matter of course, and in a very short time after achievernens of
adequate field intensity. Analytical work could be per-formed with the
poals of defining the required field strength and optimum characieristics
for annihilation as as with the goal of achieving high intensity fields.
Efforts along these lines fl~ave not been pursued directly since the
chance of beal-ine~ current established rreit)C)d~, W0,f physics is
deemed not as good as for the free field energy concept.
R. M. Wood, A-830 A~8i 1
2-14-68
Page 2
One free field energy concept using 6rutinos basical ly
i.s a scherne for beating the second law of the miodynamics. The
si i t i sti cal rn-3chan i cs i nterpretat ion of the second 1 aw
Imp 1 i os that assemb 1 ages of par 1 i c 1 es m ust have con f
igurati ons which either remain static or must pass to a more
uniform state. This free field en
/ ergy concept Is based on taking particles (brutinos) from a uniform
population into a vehicle (or propulsion subsystem) then releasing
them in a particular direction. The propulsive force resulis from
the recoil of the directional release of the particles. Energy and
linear momentum are coric,(,,rved in the process. The conservation
of angular momentum has not been examined and may be a problem.
Such organization processes are generally believed to exist, but
are not understood. Another free field enerqy concept consists of
forming neutrinos from free brutinos, both groups of which travel
in the same direction, which results in a thrust throughout the
vehicle in a direction opposite the neutrino flow. Work in this
area is judged to have a greater chance of success than on nuclear
annihilation.
EFFORTS DURING THE PAST SIX MONTHS
The primary efforts during the past six months have been
approximately half on the general kinetic particle equation of
continuity and half on the relativity observations.
The general kinetic particle equation of continuity is
believed to be
the general equation which mathematically represents all
configurations of matter
and radiation In the universe. (There is a possibility that an added
"equation of
state" may be necessary.) Thus, everything In the universe is
uniquely determined
as a solution to this equation with the appropriale boundary
conditions. The pre
sent status of the paper containing the equation derivation is itiat
there is an
uncertainty in one section of the probability analysis. Once lhis is
cleared up
ihe paper would be complete and accurate. Future work should be
directed toward
finding solutions. For example, the easiest one to find is the
particle distribu
tion whirh Is constant with the three space coordinates, the two
di~ectional co
ordinates, and time, and varies with speed -- ' I.e., the
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribu
tion. Achievement of the Maxwell-Boltzmarin distribution from this
formulation, if
realized, should be regarded as a significant accomplishment.
During the last three months efforts were directed toward the relat
ivity
observations (gravitational deflection of light, gravitational red
Shift, rotation
of perehella, blichelson-r~,orley experiment, parficle accelerator
performance, Comptorl
effect, and abberation of fight).Two significant reasons for analyz
ing these ob
servations are:1) to obtain insight Into the solution of the general
kinetic part
icle equation, and 2) to establish the credibility of the general a
pproach; I.e., to
the postulated ki ' netic particle universe.Two p31,(~rs have been
completed on the
relativity observations:1) A Kinetic Particle Anolysis of The Gravi
tational Deflec
tion of Light, and 2) A Nowtonian Analysis of Compion Scattering.The
firsi paper
was based on very simple mathematical assumptions, which appear to
be consistent
with the kinetic particle postulates, and predicts a result which is
very near the
observed result and which is much closer than the (lenerally
accepted reiativitistic
prediction.The second paper obtains a prediction of Compton scatter
ing using New
tonian mechanics which is indistinguishable from the relativistic
prediction. New
tonian mechanics results rigorously from the kinetic particle
postulates and, the
significance of this second paper, is that relativistic theory is
not necessary to
explain the observed effect. Current efforts are beinn. directed
toward particle
R. M. Wood, A-830 A-830-BBO 1 -J
M0- 1
2-14-68
Page 3
accelerator porformance and to the more basic problem of "force"
definition in terms of brutinos and various types of brutino field
arrangements.
FREE FIELD ENERGY PROPULSION CONCEPT
Only three brutino free field concepts are known. All three
collect brutinos from an omnidirectional field and emits
directionally. One concept emits these brutinos in the form of
neutrinos (and/or antineutrinos), another emits in the form of
photons, and another emits in the *form of free brutinos. The brutino
capture-neutrino release is believed to be the mechanism of
gravitation and thus, a process known to exist. llo,,,icver, a
mechanism for directional release must be oblained for this concept.
In addition, In order to achieve an acceleration level of 1 9, many
orders of magnitude increase in emission rate must be obtained. Both
of flies,e problems are considered to be challenging. The brutino
capture-photon release mechanism may be the basic mechanism which
produces the energy of a star. If so, then a brutino to photon
production mechanism exists. Directional release of photons can be
achieved using reflectors and is no problem. Thus, if the mechanism
actually exists then the speed-up (by a factor of many orders of
magnitude for 1 9) problem is the challenging problem. AI 1 the
portions of the third free field energy concept, brutino
capture-brutino directional release, appear at least as uncertain and
difflcult as the worse of either of the other two concepts and, as
such, is not considered further.
The attached table presents a summary of the factors
currently believed to be pertinent to achievement of the brutino to
neutrino, and brutino to photon free field propulsion concepts. In
addition, an indication of the confidence felt for each parameter is
presented.
FUTURE EFFORTS
The Immediate problem is to start performing experiments.
Just as soon as an appropriate technician, or research scientist, Is
available the experiments will be initiated. Further work on the
relativistic observations will continue# as defined earlier in this
memorandum. These efforts will continue as long as they are fruitful.
Work on the kinetic p~rticle equation of continuity also will be
accomplished on a lower priority basis. Evening efforts will be
directed generally toward a revision of Advanced Physics.
J. M. Brown, A-830 D. 6. Harmon, A-830
References:
1. "Space Propulsion Concepts% memorandum to R. M. Wood from J. M.
Brown, dated 8-14-67.
2. "Proposal for Electrostatic/Magnetic Experiments% memorandum to
R. M. Wood from J. M. Brown and D. B. Harmon, dated 12-20-67.
2-14-68
TABLE 1
FREE FIELD ENERGY PARAMETERS AND ASSOCIATED UNCERTAINTIES
GENERAL CONFIDENCE (BETTING
ODDS)
Gaillean Reference System 0.99
Brutinos Can Unify Known Physics 0.99
Kinetic Particle Eq. of Cont. Represents All Entitles0.9 or.0.99
PARTICLE DEFINITION
Photon Description 0.01 or 0.5
Neutrino Description 0.01 or 0.1
Electron Description 0.5
PARTICLE INTERACTIONS
Photons and Electrons Interact as Indicated by Grav.0.99
Defi. of light and Compt. Scattering Anal.
Matter Particles Collect Free Brutinos and Emit Neutrinos 0.9
(thus causing gravitation)
We Can Find Mech. for Speeding Up .1J Production 0.2
We Can Find Mech. for Directing 9 Is 0.05
We Can Find V Prod. Mech. 0.05
We Can Speed Up V Prod. (Given Above) 0.2
EXPERIMENTS
At least One Experiment In Reference 2 Will Succeed0.2
(Electrostatic/Magnetic Experiments)
Velocity of Light Will Be Affected By Magnetic Field0.5
Compton Wavelength Can Be Determined Accurately 0.9
(Uti 11 zing laser or Moessbauer)
High Magnetic Field Can Be Generated With Counter
Rotating Charges 0.5
0
Ao
by
J. M. Brown
iNTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
A unifying theory bt physics is advanced which is based on seven
postulates: space is absolute, every-thing is comprised entirely
of one type particle, the particles can neither be created nor
destroyed, the particles move with an average speed equal to 1.4
times t he speed of light, the particles we spherIcal, the
particles art smooth, and the particles are elastic. The
particles pervade the entire universe and localized
conde..i.a~ior.r, -~-jLke up radiation and matter. The
condensations are produced by a newly discovered self-induced
pinch effect. All composite particles (radiation and matter) are
eigen states of the localized condensations which are held
together by the background particles. Even in the condensed
states the basic particles move at 1.4 c. Radiation particles
translate at "sonic" speed for the background (i.e., at speed c)
while the basic particles in matter follow closed curved paths
so that the center of gravity of matter can be at rest or can be
moving with linear velocities lower than the speed of light.
Motion of the basic particles at the speed of light, in
radiation and matter particles, is achieved by adding new back
ground particles to the forward face and ejecting basic
particles from the aft face. The characteristic eigenstates are
the "quantum" properties of the universe. the "sonic" speed
characteristic of radiation and matter are-he "clativity"
properties of the universe.
This paper is based on Advance Physics, Third Edition, JEB Co.,
Los Angeles,
1
45, California, 18 April 1967.
lhe basic: particIe which =a-tes up the universe is named the
br.tino. The mass of an item is defined as the n=ber of
brutinos which comprose the item. The brutinos move.in a
straight line except when they collide. The w.1lision
interaction time for brutinos is instantaneous. Collisions are
such that for a reference frame in which the normal component
of velocity just prior to Impact are equa~ and opposite, then
the normal components are reversed while the tangential
components are not affected. This collision mechanism provides
the definitions of "elastic" and "smooth."
The set of postulates given above rigorously results in
the following six universal laws of physics:
1. Everything in the universe is made up of one type of
particle, the brutino.
2. Everything al-jays moves with constant velocity
unless it collides with something else.
3. M,ass can neither be created nor'destroyed.
4. Linear momentum can neither be created nor destroyed.
5. Angular momentum can neither be created nor destroyed.
6. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
Law number 2 is Newtons (or Galileols) first law of motion. The
next two of
Newton's laws result directly from the definition of force. A
force is de
fined such that a brution is said to experience a force when
the brutino,
experiences collisions with other brutinos. A force is measured
by the number
collisions -.,c-i- -GAII, t each collision. A force thus is
defined as .rass ti=es acceleration and trces always occur in
pairs, each element of which is equal and opposite the other.
RADIATION PARTICLES
A radiation particle is a dense collection of brutinos which
translates at Ilsonic" speed (sonic as determined by the
average speed of the background brutinos). The first two
questions concerning radiation particles arehe stability
mechanism and the propogation mechanism. Mechanisms of
stability and propogation are described now with a qualitative
proof that these mechanisms are valid. The approach taken is
to show that a stabilizing pinching force is generated by
initial impacts of the background particl~s on a stationary
composite particle (i.e., a stationary localized
condensation), that if held together the composite particle
can move without slowing down, and that when the composite
partilce is moving the initial impact.pinching force still
exists and only initial impacts are of any consequence.
This paragraph shows that a radial force directed toward the
center of a composite particle is produced by initial
collisions between thelackground and the composite particle
when the composite particle is at rest. This inwardly-directed
force is termed a pinching force. The force results from a
diminishment of the number of background particles along a ray
as thelay passes through the composite particle. Since the
force produced on the composite particle is proportional to
the number of background particles a.~ailable forImpacting,
the force due to the ray gradually diminishes. An equal and
opposite ray similarly diminishes. The difference in the
forces produced by these two rays compresses the composite
particle. thus, initial collisions
between.the background particles and particles making up
the composite particle produce a stabilizing pinching
force.
In this paragraph it Is assumed that a composite particle
can remain stable; then it is proved that there is a
non-zero velocity at which thee particle can move with
respect to the background without slowing down.
Determination of the magnitude and invariance of the speed
is almost trite. The composite particle, as constituted,
is merely a dense region of the background gas, and its
mechanism of transmission is as a wave in which the front
fact continually ga~ns particles while the aft face
continually loses particles. Transmission speed is
independent of the density and is the "sonic" speed for
the gas. This mechanism, of course, covserves energy and
linear momentum for the composite particle.
The next step in the proof is to show that when the
composite particle is moving at sonic speed and initial
collision pinching force will still be generated. For a
moving composite particle a transverse pinch effect will
'be generated, as in the stationary ease, since the
force's existence (but not necessarily its magnitude) is
independent of the axial motion.
To demonstrate axial stability, instead of considering the
forces actingi it is more convenient to rely upon proven
theorems of gas dynamics. A point sound source in an ideal
gas produces a wave of energy which is diminished axially
only by the inverse square spreading. Since the particles
In this present theory act like ideal gas atoms, and since
the transverse pinching force is generated to prevent
transverse spreading, the composite particle will not
spreadlor contract axially. Thus, initial collision
transverse and axial pinching forces exist for the moving
composite particle.
The final step is to show that only initial collisions are of
any consequence. For.this Droof it is presumed that the
composite particle is sufficiently of porous so that the
probability of collision is low for a given background
particle. (Incidentally, this is a restriction which probably
is not required for the mechanism.) The probability of a second
collision then is quite iow and can be neglected. Also, since
the particle is moving at sonic.speed there is no chance of the
background being disturbed by continual collisions with the
composite particle and, thereby, producing a feedback which
could affect stability. thus, it appears that the stability and
propogation mechanisms described for radiation particles are
valid.
A photon is believed to be a spherical composite particle with
a density which i&~greatest at the center and which gradually
decreases away from the center iintil it approaches the
background density. Defining the size of a photon as the volume
which contains a given percentage of its mass, then all photons
are believed to be approximately the same size; the mass
variation is due primarily to a density variation. The
principal way a photon vibrates is believed to be planar with
its double amplitude equal to its wave length. As the photon is
perturbed from its nominal path the transverse forces opposing
the transverse motion increase as a result of the photon moving
toward those opposing brutiPos and the transverse forces in the
direction of the transverse motion decreases. These forces are
stabilizing and produce the characteristic vibration. As the
photon mass is increased the restoring force apparently
increases at a greater rate than the rate of mass increase. The
increase in force in due to mass increase and decrease in
spacing between brutinos. The photon has angular momentum about
an axis which passes through the photon nominal path
perpendicular to the plane of its path. The angular momentum
is defined as the average absolute value of the photon linear
momentum times the perpendicular distance the photon is from
the point forred by the normal projection on the nominal path.
This angular momentum is invariant for all photons since the
amplitude and wave length are inversely proportional to the
mass. This constant presumably is Planck's constant, h. Based
on these~presumptions, the energy of a photon is given by hv,
where v is the number of cycles per unit time which the photon
experiences.
Neutrinos and antineutrinos are similar to photons except that
they rotate about theer translational path instead of vibrating
transversely. Their angular momentum, Planck's constant divided
by two, is a result of this roLation. The neutrino is
left-handed and the centineutrino is right-handed.
Photons, neutrinos, and antineutrinos are the radiation
particles. The first radiation particle formed in the universe
probably was formed as a result of the chance collection of
background brutinos. Many radiation particles are continually
formed by this process but an appreciable rate of production
results from"matter collecting background brutinos and later
limiting them in the form of radiation particles as explained
in the next section. The particles also are destroyed, but
their lifetimes are in the order of a billion years.
The rate of production and destruction of radiation particles,
other than their conversion to matter and re-emission by
matter, is so small that all of present day physics is based on
the presumption that the particles~can neither be created nor
destroyed. However, as will be shown later, the formation
process provides good explanations of gravitation. The small
galactic red shift which is observed is explained by a gradual
destruction of a photon.
'wLECTROPS
An electron is a toroidal shaped cleud of brutinos. The
brutinos nove with an average velocity with a magnitude of
1-4c and which has a tangential (rotational) component of c
and a component around the toroid across section. These two
components result in a helical motion of brutinos making up
the electron. The negative electron is left-handed and the
positive electron is right-handed. The electron is held in its
circular shape by the same type of pinching force that holds
the radiation particles together. The electron is propogated
in its circular path by the same wave type mechanism that the
radiation particles utilize.
The phenomenon of charge results from flow fields of Lhe
background brutinos. The flow pattern is a circulation which
consists of a component in through the center of the toroid
and around the outside which is in the direction of the
brutino component of motion around the toroid cross section
and another component which is in the direction of the
rotational motion of the complete toroid about its center of
mass. The flow patterns for unlike charged electrons mesh
together so that the background brutinos press the electrons
together while like charged electrons flow patterns interface
and repel each other.
The stabilization mechanism of the electrons is presumed to
result in only one stable mass and radius of the electron.
Further, as time passes an electron is believed to continually
collect background brutinos and, therefore grow in mass. At
certain excess mass levels, an electron will emit either a
photon along its axis of rotation or a neutrino (or
antineutrino) in the plane of the toroid. this brutino
collection-photon emission process is the source of a stars
energy and the brutino collection-neutrino emission process is
the cause of gravitation.
A.n electron has ang-ular mcmentum about the axis
Derpendicul&r to its toroid--,1
plane. The angular momentum presumably is due to the electron
and to the
1
charge flow pattern of the.background brutinos. The value of
the arWalar momentum is Planck's constant divided by two.
When an electron is at rest (with respect to the background)
it has the shape of a circular toroid. when the electron
moves it takes an elliptic shape which moves parallel to the
minor axis. The thickness of the toroid is the greatestat one
end of the major diameter and a minimum at the other major
diameter end.' This difference in cross section provides the
mechanism oftranslation of matter. The direction of motion is
the same as the direction of the tangential velocity of the
ellipse at the major diameter end with the greater thickness.
This mechanism results in an electron's velocity being
limited to a value less than the speed of light, since at
that velocity the
A
major diameter end with the smaller thickness must have a
zero thickness. Thus, before reaching the speed of light an
electron will be converted into a radiation particle.
Collisions of photons with electrons and electrons with
electrons make up most of the phencmena observed in nature.
When a photon collides with an electron the photon breaks
into two photons. One photon is captured and becomes a part
of the electron and the other rebounds in a random direction.
This mechanism results in an electron having a moving mass
greater than Its rest mass. The amount of mass growth is
derived from the lays of the conservation of energy ~nd
linear momentum. The Pass at velocity is equal to the rest
mass divided by (1 - B 2 )~where 0 18^ the speed of the
electron divided by the speed of light. During the collision
of two electrons, photons are Interchanged in a manner
analogous to the photon-electron collision,
accelerating a-n electron thrcugh a .=3.g.-~etic field (afie
ld later
is indicated to be a background brutino flow pattern) the ratio
of its force
due to charge divided by its mass can be dtermined as a
function of the elec-
tron velocity. The force change due to motion is increased by
the factor
2
a since the force lines cut are increased by this factor.
The mass
grows by the factor 11(1 - 8 2 ). Thub, the force due to charge
divided by
the mass increased by t he factor ~ 1 + a 2(1 _ 02)1 _02. This
factor,
of course, correlates the observations.
The amount of energy available in photon form which is
contained in an electron, or any type of matter, is equal to
the mass of the matter times the
square of the speed of light. This, of course, is the famous
formula of
2
Einstein E - Me
Electrons.can be formed by the chance collection of background
brutinos. Another electron source probably is provided by
electron pair production by the collision of sufficiently
massive photons.
Electrons, like photons,'are extremely stable and, other than
conversion into photons of equal mass, electrons have
lifetimes in the order of a billion years*
NUCLEAR PARTICLES AND ATOMS
A nuclear particle consists of two or more electrons which
have a common axis of rotation and a common center of gravity.
The electrons thus tbrm concentric rings in a plane. Nuclear
particles consist of the same number of positive and negative
electrons or exactly one excess positive electron or one
excess negative electron. The innermost electron for matter Is
a positive, electron while for antimatter it is a negative
electron. Nuclear
~-)articies are held to-ether by tte sn7,e t:,7,e 1-1
an e lectron and --ad.4p-t-~on
An atom is the simplest assembly of uncharged natter. An atom
consists of a central nucleus of protons and usually neutrons
and a wamber of electrons which orbit in spherical shells. The
nucleus is held together by a pinching force similar to that
which holds the previous particles together. However, the
pinching force has reached the limit of its range in the case
of large nuclei. The degradation in force at longer ranges is
due to brutinos scattering back into the region where the force
difference is tending to be generated and thus negating the
pinch effect. The orbital electrons, as all the simpler forms
of matter already discussed, have only distinct radii at which
they can remain stable. Thus, balancing the centrifugal and
electrostatic forces gives only one linear velocity, and only
one vlaue of electron mass---since mass depends directly upon
the speed, for an electron in a given orbit. In addition the
angular momentum of each orbit then results as Planck's
constant divided by two. With these constraints one precise
value of photon mass is emitted or absorbed as an electron
changes from one orbit to another.
GRAVITATION ANTD
A gravitational field is set up by matter. The field consists
of background brutinos flowing into the matter, a slightly
lesser number of background brutinos flowing out of the matter,
small amount of neutrinos and antineutrinos flowing out, and an
even smaller amount of photons flowing out. Another mass placed
in the vicinity of the matter will feel an inward force since
the brutinos in the form of neutrinos and antineutrinos do not
transfer momentum to the mass.
,W
019
,m
COSM is a flew 7ottern &
COCh T set up Cround a-nd
through a piece of rxs,,tter by the matter. In order fQr the r.Gtter to
set up the flow it is necessary that its electrons take an elliptic shape
as it the matter were going to mo7e. iewever, if instead of maving the
matter remains at rest then the background bratinos will flow into the
matter opposite the direction which the motion of the bar would have had.
1
c
1
1
i
! CY
i
1
Ci., -
a
1
1
DATE: 9-t
7-69
30 A-830-BE30 1
-JIAB-53
rown, A-833
FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS OF PHYSICS 1 - SPEED OF LIGHT
mem,
[E$ TO:D. B. Hamon, H. C. Bjornlle, L. A. Stelnert, W A-830
Introduction To The Series Of Memos
The current fundamental constants of physics consist of a
minimum known set from which all other physical constants can
be derived. One known set consists of eight constants plus the
constants representing the masses of some one-hundred quantum
matter/anti-matter particle pairs. The purpose of the~' memo
and the planned series of memos on the fundamental constants
of physics Is to derive the ~.t,ove mentioned eight
fundamental constants from the four basic constants vjhich
Characterize the brutino universe.
The brutIno universe Is an absolute (Eucildlan) space-absolute
(Gaillean) time system containing spherIcally symetric
repulsive (klnetic) particles. These particles are all
Identical and are named brutinos. This system.is characterized
by four constants, which are termed the basic constants of the
universe. One set of these four constants Is the mean speed of
the particles (with respect to their carter of mass), the mass
of the particle, the diameter of the particle, and the mean
free path.
The set of current fundamental constants considered In this
series of memos consists of:
~ ~~ rf C i
1.Speed of Light ";'-
2. Fine Structure Constant
3. Charge of Electron
4. Plentk's Constant
5. Mass ofthe Electron
6. Mass of the Profon
7. Gravitational Constant
8. Weak Coupling Constant
9. Hubble's Constant
10. Density of the Universe
This memo Interrelates the speed of light to one of the basic
brutino constants.
The next nine memos will Interrelate the remaining nine
fundamental. constants (above) to the basic brutino constants.
In addition , the mechanism of the row Ining quantum particles
are discussed briefly.
Analysis of the Speed of Light
The speed of light (or more generally, photon 5) Is the
magnitude of the velocity with which photons move. in current
physical theory this speed Is a constant for any selected
observational f rane of reference. In brutino theory this
speed Is a constant with respect to the canter of mass of the
"local" background In which It is being transmitted. It is
tacitly presumed that tfle
DOUGLAS PRIVATE Cow No.
-e30
A-830-BBOI-JME3-53
9-17-69
Page 2
spa ed measured using ttle special relativity interpretation of
the universe Is We same as the speed relative to the brutino
local background. This assumption Is strongly believed to be
warranted 1 but actually can not be tested untl 1 the brutino
theory is developed further. In any case , cor~ rections to the
analysis given here as a result of ti,Is type refinement will be
small.
A photon Is presumed to be a localized 2 disturbance In the
background which transmits "observable" energy from me region of
space to another. This disturbance in effect Is a wave which Ls
constrained almost completely from lateral spreading and which
oscillates transversely rather then longitudinally as miaht be
anticipated for a gas. The reason for the differences between
the photon wave and a wave in a gas is attributed to the former
system consisting of a wave (the photon) and a background of
photonless bal 15 while the latter consists of a wave (of
balls), background balls and photons which interact with the
background balls and with the balls making the wave.3
The photon (wave) is thus transmitted at a velocity which is
measured with respect to its Immediate background, or more
precisely, with respect to the center of mass of the local
background. The background Is presmed to have a Maxwe
Il-Bottzmann distribution of speed 4 and also pres wed to be
"locallyll isotropic. The background thus has a mean speed and a
met mean square speed which is r3W, 11m., the mean speed.
Consider the case where a photon 15 defined by the brutino
configuration inside a sphere whose canter Is at the carter of
the momentum concentration (as measured relative to the
background). Now presume that the photon is travelIng Into
homogeneous background and that the configuration inside the
sphere (which sphere moves with the photon) is unchanged from
Ono time to the next time.5 Thus, no work is done by the
background upon the photon and, thus, the photon (wave)
propagates by an "Isothemal" (i.e., constant energy) process.
1This bel !of Is based on the large number of observations
which Indicate the constan6y of the speed Of light.
2localisation must be defined arbitrarily since any one
photon Is "felt" throughout the universe - In principle.
3All this statement indicates Is that the two systems are
significantly different.
4This rigorously results from the postulates,as long as the
conf Iguration Is Isotropic In space and time .
5Actually this assumption Is not valid as evidenced by the
galactic red shift which is discussed later. However, this
effect Is believed to have almost no Impact on the wave
propagation speed.
1 DOUGLAS t-i~'k'AYE
jGLAS PRIVATE
A-830-BBOI-JPA
B-53 9-17-69
Page 3
Furthermore, all the. brut~nos in the photon then can be
moving at the same speed as the background in an isothermal
process - the energy transfer results from the brutino
directions being biased. The photon propagation speed thus
15 c - T/Y'3_ where T is the brut! no mean speed. Since c
is known T= 2.997925 ( r3-) x 108 = 5. 18 x 101 m/s
'J. M. Brown, A-833
Advanced Concepts
DOUGLAS PRIVATE
MEIVIQRANDUM.t,
DATE:
TO; R. M. Wood, A-830 A-830-BOOl-JMB-10
FROM: J. M. Brown, A-833
SUI1JECT:CLIRRENT RECOMMENDED TASKS FOR 3-6 MAN EFFORT
0. B. fiarmon' Jr., C. P. Thomas, W. P. Wi Ison,,Jr., A-830; File
REFERENCE
introduction
This memorandum Outlines the rationale and tasks for Advanced
Concepts ' which
are recommended If the anticipated 3-6 W n level funding Is
realized for the
next 12 months.
Theoretical Approach
The principal concept which we have been pointing toward is a
scheme In which randomly moving particles are organized, then
directionaJ]y released for performing work. It Is strongly
believed that gravitation is produced by an organizational
mechanism and, for that matter, all attractive forces
probably result from similar mechanisms rather than from
distortions In the space-time continuum as in current
science. In view of these remar", in view of the fact that an
electron Is the smallest matter particle, (and probably the
simplest) and with the assumption that an elect ron has a
gravitational field, the electron has a central role in the
development of the vehicle concept - In addition,. to its
central role In the theory development.
Qualitative descriptions of the mechanisms for all the properties
of file
Mlootron land osItronI are now available except for tla gravIton
product Ion chan;". The most recant major question unanswered was
concerned with the chanism for producing the discrete properties,
such as its rest energy. e mechanism for producing this
discreteness Is Del ieved to result from density waves which travel
throughout the electron. It Is conceivable that molecular chaos my
govern for the electron and this requirement my be the factor which
produces the discreteness In the electron and In all of quantum
field theory in general. The graviton production mechanism has bow
defined In gross farms.
A rigorous analysis of the electron may require the Continuum
EquatIon, the M tzinann Equat i on, or the BI3GKY approach. A
11 of these avenues shou [d. be pursued vigorously.
Experimental Approach
An atmospheric mode& of the electron not only has the theory advantage
of simulating the electron, but also has the potential practical
advantage of Indicating how to organize molecules for atmospheric
propulsion. These advantages weighed against the disadvantages of
using non-feleal gas particles ILA
.3
DOUG1 A4Z
.,L
TATE
R. M. Wood, A-830 A -830-BBO 1 -JMi3- 10
9-16-68
Page 2
and not knowing the "vortex" size In advance strongly indicate
that we should proceed with the atmospheric "electron" as soon
as possible. Once a stable vortex Is found and If shedding
does wdur, then it should be a simple imatter to simulate
external fields for directing and amplifying the process.
With regard to electromagnetic type experi rents, It is clear
that If a gravity amplification type space propulsion system.
exists or can be built by MDAC-VD then it must result from the
appi Ication of magnetic, electrostatic, and/or photon fields
in appropriate strengths, geomfries and time sequences. 1 feel
extremely confident that all the possible Interactions have
not been found, very confident that we can find some new ones,
and somewhat confident that a gravity amplification propuls!
on system could be found In just this way with no other
supporting analysis. With the supporting analysis, or
conjectures, which are available, 1 feel more confident in
this approach.
Recommended 3-6 Man Program
It appears that a rigorous analysis of the electron probably
wil 1 come from Advanced Concepts personnel; either from
present personnel, our consultant, or from new hires. It does
not appear to be good judgement to expect the analysis to come
from any other source. If new personnel are hired they should
be young PhD mathematical physicists who are willing and able
to work on this project. Such man are hard to find, but a
little Ingenuity and effort will turn them up (for example,
Mr. Clerk Bullard).
The present experimental program (velocity of light/magnefic
field experiment) should be augmented as soon as possible with
the atmospheric electron and the gravi,ty amplification
vehicle experiments. New personnel would not be required to
Implement these programs.
The present Interview program may uncover useful Information.
however, even with a six man team it seems a considerably
better bet to minimize, but not te minate, this effort.
Concluding Remarks
The fol lowling points regarding this recommended
program seem worthy of emphasizing:
1. The theoretical approach should be expanded, but
still must rema In self -contained in the Advanced
Concepts area.
2.The theoretical approach is believed to be quite
"end-product.' oriented.
n^llt'l AC DPIAIAT1Fr
DOUGLAS PrCVATE
R. M. Wood, A-830 A-830-BI30 1 -MB- 10
9-16-68
Page 3
3. The experimental program is being expanded with a strong
emphasis on the end product.
4. Ancl lliary Investigations of psi phenomena, other
unusual phenomena, and contactees are being minimized.
5. The actual effort roccn~-~nded is consistent with the
rough draft briefing which has just been prepared.
J. M. Brown, A-833
Advanced Concepts
JMB:msb
X
1
^~ m~i~!?ATP
M E A 0 R A N D U M
DATE: 7-18-69
TC: R. M. `Wood,
A-830 A-F 30 -BBO 1 -HCB-41
1: H. C. Bjornlle, A-833
~~',-,'BJECT: LIGHT/MAGNETIC FIELD INTERACTION EXPERIMENT
COPIES 70:J. M. Brown, D. 8. Harmen, W. P. Wilson, Jr., A-830;
711e
The light/magnetic field (B/C) interaction
experiment has been performed and concluded. A
description of the experiment, the results and
recommendations are attached to this
memorandum.
~1 C Bjorn 1 i e
1
(CAdvanced Concepts
HCB..msb
Attachment Noted
C
9
1
; i
C11
Fig. - 3. Interferometer, Near End, With Cover Removed- Optical System is
Arranged For Doubleloop Path. End Plate Of Solenoid Is In Upper Right, In line
With Laser AxIs.
Fig. 4. Interferometer, Far End, With Cover Removed. Optical System Is
Arranged For DoubleLoop Path.
Fig. 5. Interferometer, Far End, With Complete Housing Removed. Optical
Element At Right Is Negative lens. Solenoid End Plate Is At left. Protruding
Leads Attach To "Crow-Bar" Circuit And Power Cables. Thermal Insulating Tubes
Lie On Floor Behind Solenoid.
1 r 1 r
~k
1
1
7,7
1
1
J 1~
Fig. 6. Far End Of Solenold Showing "Crcw-Bar" Circuit And Power Cebles.
Fig. 7. Optical Sensor With Housing Removed.
.Fig. 8. Interference Fringes.
Center Section Shows 5-1/4 Wave
Lengths, Lower Section (Barely
Visible) Shows 1-3/4 Wave Lengths
r, ' (
A~
XW1
171
2~
j
1
LIGHTIMAGNETIC FIELD (d/C) INTERACTION EXPERIMENT
It Is conjectured that tho speed of propagation of light
Is modified when passing through a mi~(inetic field. It
is the purpose of this experiment to determine 11 such
an effect exists. The experiment Is to make use of
existing a,-)paratus If possi.ble, with a minimum
expenditure for the purchase of new ~-a,uip"-nt.
METHOD:
A change In light velocity is defected as a change in
wave length of the affected light beam In the following
manner:
One light beam of a Mach-Zender Interferometer Is passed
through the
,air core of a 15 foot long solenoid, which develops a
flux density of 2560 a auss. This beam Is then combined
with the reference beam to forra interferonce fringes
which are focussed on a multi-cell silicondiode
transducer. The electrical output of the cells, and the
Input current to the solenoid are simultaneously and
continuously recorded.
EQUIPMENT:Light Source
University laboratories Inc., Helium-Neon Gas Laser,
Model 240, 1 MI 11 lwatt, 6328A.
Sanborn, Model 53 battory pc~qered 1 10 vdc source,
prcvides alternate power source for laser without 60 Hz
noise.
Optical System
Three front surface nirrors, approximately 1 inch x
1-1/2 Inch (source and characteriGtics unknown). *
One beam splitter, approximately 2-112 Inch x 3 Inch
(FMund Scientific - (characteristics :.,nkno,.vn).
Collins Microflat Co., two granite surface plates with
three adjustable legs, 12 Inch x 18 Inch x 3 Inch; four
granite ang!e plates, 3 inch x 3 inch x 4 inch,
tooircc^,i grade 8.
Magnetic Field
Mag-Tran, Model SA-380 solent-Ad.Two concentric coils, co
ntinuously
wound to produce additive flux;15 ft. long x 2.8 In ' .~h
out.~ide dia.,
wound on an aluminum alloy tube of 1-11/16 Inch outside
dia. The wire
Is #3 gauge square magnet wire (.229 in) with glass fl
laf',X--nt Insulation.
The solenoid is con~air,(--1 ,^,,ithin a steel tube of 3
Inch clitside dia. x
114 Inch wall thickness. 3/~ thick.steelplates are bolt
ed to
welded flanges to close the ends tube.
The tube is supported
on 4 Integral stands wi ~h itr, conter i *. 1 ~- 71/4 inch
above the floor.
The air core of the solencid Is thermal ly Insulateu
7-,..: 1hg al, -~-----
mandrel ny two cencentric PVC plastic tubes (water pipe),-
rovide
a 112 inch dia. air path through the center of the
solenoid.
Power Is supplied by a Miller E)ectric Mfg. Model
SR-100001A, 50 KW at 80,160 or 320 vdc, varlac
controlled. The power supply Is protected by a
"crow-bar" circult consisting of a IN3289 diode (GE
A7013) and a 100 MFD-450 WVDC electrolytic
capacitor In parallel across the solenoid
terminals.
Instrumentation
50
mv
Current through the solenoid Is measured
across a 1000 amp shunt.
The Interference fringes are projected on a ruled
line pattern of the same spacing as the fringes.
The pattern Is ruled with black felt tip pen on
paper vellum which Is cemented to a 2 Inch x 3 Inch
microscope glass Immediately above the light
sensor. The sensor consists of 19 Hoffman 55C
silicon cells (3/16 Inch square) arranged In two
rows. The cells and line patterns are arranged such
that peak voltages for the two rows are phased
180*-apart. Each rowof cells Is series wired.
Output of the sensor Is read as a voltage
differential between the two rows of cells.
A Sanborn model 320 dual channel dc
amplifier-recorder Is used to record the Inputs
described above. When the light source Is operated
on ac power, a 60 Hz fitter (.22 MFD - 51 Kfl) Is
used with the light sensor Input.
See Page 3 for schematIc.of equipment arrangement.
PROCEDURE:
Since the amount of anticipated fringe shift Is an
unknown, preliminary runs were made to visually
observe fringe movement and record voltage and
current readings at the solenoid. Peak power
observed was 49.02 KW (570 a., 86 v.). Fringe
movement was very erratic but indicated that any
effect (signal) would be much less than 11 In
magnitude. To provide a quantitative picture of
fringe movement, the sensor described previously
was fabricated fron. available laboratory surp 1 us
parts. In conjunction with the chart recorder, this
sensor Is capable of resolving % 2 parts In 109.
The majority of the background noise was due to air
temperature variations external to the solenoid.
Thi s was caused by the room air conditioning
outlets immediately above the apparatus. This was
cured by blocking the air outlets and constructing
thermal-insulatIve enclosures for the light path.
Additional noise was Introduced via mechanical
coupling with the power supply blower, This was
eliminated by disconnecting the blower.
Subsequent runs using the fight sensor and recorder
required additional noise reduction by means of a
60 Hz RC filter and Isolation of the solenoid
housing from the thermal covers on the optical
system.
PROCEDURES: (Contd)
The residual random noise was <X/510 for most of the run:;
from #10 through the last one, #17. 1/50 Is the distance
equivalent of the previously stated resolution of % 2 parts
In 109. On tne chart record of runs # 12 and # 13 are i ' 1
us trated the curve deflectiols which would be anticipated
If the maximum field were to cause a 1143 fringe shift.
Comparing these to the actual recorded curves clearly shows
an absence of signal at this field strength.
Heating of the air core of the solenoid durine meration
causes a predictable displacement of fringes at the average
rate of IX/niin. f!6wdver, this poses no problem in signal
discrimination if the field is applied and removed rapidly.
The limiting cycle time for the field *is approximately 4
sec. and is due to manual operation of the varlac. The
measured time constant of the coil (951%) is % .01 sec.
Flux leakage at the end plate joints of the solenoid
housing was checked with a Bell Gaussmeter. Readings of %
10 gauss @ l0Q a. were taken both with and without a
soft-steel wire gasket between end-plate and flange.
RESULT5i.
No signal of the type anticipated was observed within
the limilis of resolution of the existing apparatus W50
or ^. 2 parts in 109).
RECCAAEN0ATIONS:
When the theory is sufficiently advanced to be able to
predict the effect within a few ordcr.s of magnitude,
the possibilifiess of experlmental verification should
bp, examined again. The following improvements to the
present apparatus have been investigated.
Si~.j.n,ai Amplification
An Increase in flux density x length can be
accornplished inexpensively by,
1. Addition of a second solenoid and sece.,;,id
power supply, if available.
2. Recirculating the light beam through the
solenoid three t Imes.
A comparison of these techniques is shadn on Page 5. The
second method above was tried by modifying the existing
apparatus as Indicated on Page 6. To accomodate the
three passes of the bearn through the solenoid, the 2
PVC tubes were rerroved and the apertures in the
end-plates were Increased in size. The aiiqi-,i-.ient
procedure was much more difficult due to the added
mirrors and path length.
n
MAG. FIELD
Power
KW
51
Gauss-Meters
SIGNAL TOMP.
% NOISE
(N t )%
RANDOM
NO I SE
(N R )% .
SIGNAL
N R
144
%10
100
1.44
2. W
^.1 .2
%1.7
600
%10 %250 ^-2.4
r
C01M.PARISON OF PROPOSED MODIFICATiONS TO LIGHT/MAGNETIC
FIELD EXPERIMENT
(Performance Is Compared To Original Experiment In
Percentages)
MODIFICATION
A Two Identical Solenoids
on Existing Power Supply. 169550
Flux Directions Opposing
Each Other.
BTwo Identical Solenoias
On Separate Identical
Power Supplies. Flux 23,000 98 200 %10 100
Directions Opposing
Each Other
C Single Solenoid On
Exi~ting Pawer Supply. 11,500 Act.
Light Beam Recircu- 49 300 100 ^-250
lated to 3 Times 34,500 Eff.
Existing Path Length.
D ModifiCaTian A, Plus 16,550 Act.
Light Beam Recircu- 51 432 %10 %250
lated to 3 Times 49,650 Eff.
Existing PaTh Length, 1
EModification B Plus
23,000 Act. light Beam Recircu-
lated to 3 Times 69,000 Eff. 98
Existing Path Length
,In
i -A
. 1
1
1
1
m
1
1
Cl
.5C~4F-MATIC,, OP NI~ACH-7-;ENDF..,R
WITH DOUBLE LOOP LIGI-4T PA-1'~AS.
LIGHT
S c U R CIF-
B
1
1~
00 - --
m
N1
1-4-!50LEM01 D
E3 13EAM SPLITTF,- P,
FF
7:,pllmGe
PAT - r P-- Rh
6
REDY*IENDATIONS (Ccntd.)
Although this modificaticr; increases the signal threefold,
random noise Is also increased, fringe brightness is reduced
by a factor of 9 and fringe definition Is degraded. With the
existing sensor, slightly modified, It was not possible to
approach the-'resolutlon previously att&ned. This technique
requires a laser of greater intensity and coherency than was
used, in order to achieve the quality of fringe pattern
required.
Improved Resolution
Resolution can be Improved by developing a more sensitive
sensing technique and using synchronous methods for isolating
signal from background noise. By projecting the fringe
pattern on a J_ screen having alternating reflective and
absorbtive lines of the same spacing as the fringes, the
er)tire cross section of the light beam can be used as a
fringe shift Indicator. This Image of variable brightness can
be focussed, by means of lenses, on a highly sensitive, fast
reacting light sensor. A bridge circuit can be used to
ccnvert its change in resistance to a recordable signal.
H. C. Bjornlie
Advanced Concepts
28 May 1969
& 1~
(r-,
Fig. 1. General Arrangement Of
Experimental Apparatus. Optical
Sensor In Lower Right Corner
i
1
i
9
1
~;9. 2. light Source
He-NIa Gas Laser (6328A)
Wi 11h 110 v.
dc Battery Power Supply
M E M 0 R A N D U M
D. L. Royer, H-009 (M/S 1-13)
S. T. Friedman, A-833
Date: 6-18-69
A-830-13801-STF-42
.1
S. T. Friedman, "A-633
Research and Development
Advanced Concepts
Advance Systems & Technology
0
TO:
FROW'
SUBJECT:"STATE OF THE AW' SEARCHES ON ( 1 ) ROUND VEHICLES AND (2)
MAGNETO
AERODYNAMIC DEVICES
COPIES TO:H. C. Bjornlle, J. M. Brown, D. B. Harmon, L. A.
Stelnert,
W. P. Wilson R. M. Wood, A-830; File
e
Per our discussion 1 would appreciate your
providing State of the Art Searches as follows:
1. Round or lenticular shaped aircraft such as that
described In U. S. Patent #3,103,324 "High
Velocity, High Altitude V.T.O.L. Aircraft",
September 10, 1963, by N. C. Price, (only 1963
or later).
2. Electrical and/or magnetic devices for
propulsion or control of aircraft, submarine, or
space vehicle heatihg, attitude, drag,
communications blackout, radar cross section,
etc. Examples are U. 5. Patents #3,162,398
"Magnetchydrodynamic
.Control Systems", M. U. Clauser, et at,
December 22, 1964 and #2,997,013 "Propulsion
System", W. A. Rice, August 22, 1961. (Cover
period from 1960 on.)
STF:msb
Ap p
J. W. brown, Supervisor
PR! TE
M51ORANDUM
Date: 3 June 1969
A-830-BBOI-WPW-37
TO: R. M. Wcod, A-830
FROM: WoW M A-833
SUBJECT: FIELD DATA ACQUISITION requirements
COPIES TO: J. M. Brown, D. B. Harmon, H. C. 8jornlle, A-830; File
REFERENCE: 1)Memorandum A-830-BE101-JMI3-13 Atmospheric Van I4efing, dated
7 November 1968
2)Memorandum A-830-BE301-WPW-14 Mobile Field Data Acquisition
Instrumentation , dated 14 November 1968
INTRODUCTION
This memorandum discusses the sensor and operational
requirements for a mobile and partially self-sustaining
remote, semi-permanent, field data acquisition system
designed to obtain the signatures of anomalous atmospheric
phenomena unidentified flying objects, I.e., UFO's.
The applied rati wale Is an attempt to define potential
anwolistic targets with their space-time outputs which may
produce observable effects. By relating a general
description of their possible outputs to the normal
background of physical phenomena It Is possible to obtain
an understanding of sensing requirements. Following the
UFO sensing requirements, the requirements for sensing be?
1 lightning and various other meteorological phenomenon
are developed.
The final section of this memorandum presents the
operational requirements such as set-up time, time on
station and fall safe consTderatT ons.
UFO TARGETS
A basic analysis of UFO reportings strongly Indicates that
their presence and operation may be associated with any we
or a combInation of several observable physical phenomena.
They may p reduce steady state and cyclic changing,
magnatic, electric, electromagnetic (photw) and
gravitational fields. They may emit nuclear particles,
generate steady state or acoustical atmosphere pressure
fields and leave pronounced residual effects.
The targets may produce weak or strong signals with
respect to the aniblent background and may be within range
of the sensors for long periods to short time Intervals.
The shortest Interval would most probably be associated
with a close range fly-by. For this reason , It may be
seen that the shorter times might produce the strongest
signals.
For example, a very close fly-by at 10,000 feat per second
could be within the range of practically all sensors for a
period of several seconds. A data system that would not
saturate and could record all possible signals foc-these
conditions would provide significant Information.
Therefore, sensor system capabilities which will respond
In the magnitude range of ambient to a high level, to give
spectral content (and polarization , where applicable),
and to be activated ever the full time of event, would be
the
Ideal system for these extremes.
DOUGLAS FRWATF
M. Wood, A-830 A-830-BB01-WP4-37
3 June 1969
Page 2
In fact, the above target event apparently establishes the
Ideal goals of a data system.
The capabilities actually selected, !.c., the fall-back
position accepted, Should be those which approach this event
as near as Is practical. In view of these considerations,
Table 1 partially lists the UFO sensing requirements. Table 11
presents the EIA spectrum in bands, wavelength, frequency and
period relationships.
These tabulations are compressed from a lengthy but not
exhaustive survey of related literature, current methodology
and commercial instruruentational offerings.
METEOROLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS
The primary meteorological requirement Is to record ball
lightning phenomena including the environmental conditions
prior to and after the event occurrence. The longest 11 ved
ball lightning has a signal life corresponding roughly to the
shortest UFO signal. Even shorter signals are produced by
ordinary lightning. The data system should be designed to
record these events based on the known signatures of lightning
or other electric, magnetic, electro-magnetic and acoustical
phenomena. It Is possible that them are some gravitational
effects and, therefore, the data system should include a
capability to record gravitational changes.
The suggested approach for recording lightning is to monitor
the background electric field with si~-tlme recording, then,
at a threshold In absolute level or rate of change, fast time
recording equipment would be automatically initiated. After
the event either automatic or manual cut-off could bp utt
lized. The problem then is to determine the thresholds and to
prevent equipment saturation during the event. Tables are
being prepared to examine the pertinent characteristics of
lightning related phenomena and other meteorological
requirements.
OPERATIONAL REQUIRDAENTS
The utility and continuing success of a field data acquisition
system such as this, equates directly to the quality of
pro-planned operational capabilities and procedures. This
should include standard operating procedures coupled with the
flexibility of "in-field" Improvisation.
Among the many items to be considered, the fol lowing are
considered to be the most critical:
o Mobile Capability
1. Selection of sites - Range
Time on Station
D01,1Cil At~
DOUGLAS PRIVATE
R. M. Wood, A-830
A-830-HROl-WPIN-37
3 June 1969
Page 3
2. Cruising Capabilities
a. Monitoring while In motion
b. Set-up time when event occurs
3. Monitoring - vs. In-depth recording while on site
On site
4. Data Processing - Relay
Return to hem a
5.Fall-Safe Considerations - What If all electrical
things go out?
a. Diesels still running
b. Diesels not running, mechanical gadgets, etc
6.Personnel Safety
c Remote Field Stations
1.Selection of Sites and Accessability
a.Degree of self-sustainment
b.Range and depth of monitoring
2.Data Acquisitt on and Processing
a. Most suitable or useful methods
b. On-site, relay, return hame
3.Fall Safe, Down Time Back Up
a. Event Induced causes
b. local power source failures
c. Vandals or other reasons
4.Personnel Safety
To further the def InItion of the particular requirements,
a continuing study of f ield Instal latIons, methods and
instrument appi Ications Is being em ducted. This study has
and will Include trips to typical observati on Jocations
and d[scusslons with persons knowledgable In the field of
atmospheric electrical observations.
W. P. Wilson, Jr.
Advanced Concepts
WP16:msth
Attachnents - Noted (UP)
DOUGLAS PRIVAT E
TABLE 1 - UFO SENSING REQUIREMENTS
1. MAGNETIC VECTOR - H FIELD, UNITS IN GAMMAS (1 x 10- Oe rsted)
Duration Sec > 10 1 10-1 C-3 10-6
3 Components TFb i Tent 50~,M 1 20 50,0015 1 0. 1 -
SD-,-G-oo 2 0.0~1rt-
2 Places Lower Limit tIO 'I '1 *100 1103
Upper Limit 1108 1108 klos 'loo tios
Sensors - Magnetmeter, Absolute and Relative Measurements
Readout Analog, Real Time
Cesium Beam - Varlan Model V-4938 App roximate Cost
$10,900
Magnetm.eter,Gradient Sensinn Readout: Analon, Real Time
(Three) Internally Constructed, - Approx imate
Cost $250.00 Each 750 0
c
2. ~ELECTRIC VECTOR VOLT/METER
Ourati on Sec 10 1 10-1 10-6
3 Components Amb 1 ant 100
Lower Limit 100 1 1 0.01
2 Places
1~ Upper Limit 110,000 11,000 *1,000 110 >
Sense rs Electrostatic
Voltmeter Absolute and Relative Measurements
Readout Analoq, Real Ti~e To Chart Recorder
Comstock & Wescott - Model 12008 - Approx Imate Cost5
3,100
Electrometer, Relative and Gradient
Readout Analog - Real Time To Chart Recorder
(Three) Internal ly Constructed - Approximate Cost $150.00 Each 450
r%
3. ELECTROMAGNETIC - RADIO - WATTS AND/OR VOLTS/METER
Duration-Sec 10-3 10-6
10-12 Secs/Cycle
Polarization Ambient City 10-2 10-4 10-6
Volts/Meter
Country 10-4 lo-6 10-8Volts/Meter
Direction Signal, 10-12 ID-12 10-12
Watts (PV/502)
Sensor - Broadband Spectrum Analyzer Absolute Measurements
Power - Amplitude and Spectral Content .01 to 1,250 Mhz
Readout in Real Time, Time Domain and Frequency, Visual Display and
Analog or
Digital Data to Chart or Magnetic Tape Recorder
Hew lett Packard Model 8554L R.F. Section ith the 8552A I.F. and
140S Display system
Approximate
Cost 56,000
'Z Radiometers and Auxiliary Radio Equipment Approx Imate
Cost 3,500
R-adout In Real Time, Visual Display, Analog or Digital To
Chart or Magnetic Tape Recordor
.1 4. ELECTROMAGNETIC IR - WATTS AND SPECTRAL CONTENT
Duration-Sec ID-12 10-13 10-14
Polarization Ambient limits Vary As To Location, Day-Night & Local
Artificial Heat & light Conditions
Di rect Ion Signal Expected Levels To Be Date mined
Sensors - Standard Radiometric or Photographic Techniques, Polarity &
Color Sensing, Thermal & Photosensitive Devices
Radiometers - Photometers and Spectrometers
Suitable Manufacturers Types and Approximate Cost To Be
Determined
Will Be RElated To Follow Ing Two Items (5) and (6)
Readout: Analog, Digital to Chart or Magnetic Tape Recorder
5.ELECTROMAGNETIC (OPTICAL) - POWER LEVELS AND SPECTRAL CONTENT
Duration-Sec.2.3 x 10-14 1.4 X 10-14 Secs/Cycle
Polarization Ambient Day-Niqht Atmospheric & Local Artificial
lighting Conditions
Di rection Signal Expected Levels To Be Date mined
Sensors - Photographs (Movie Camera - Color)
Photo-OptIcal Tracking - Photographic, Still & Motion Picture -
Black-White & Color
Polarity A Color Sensing, - Related Spectrum Analysis
Instrumentation & Readout as Under Item (4)
6. ELECTROMAGNETIC (UV)
Duration-Sec 1.4 x 10~14 3 x 10-26 (Soft X-Ray)
Ambient Day-Night, Atmospheric & local Artificial
Lighting Conditions
>
Signal Expected Levels To Be Date mined
SensorsPhoto-Optical Tracking - Photosensitive Devices & Photographic
Materials, Polarity Sensing
Related Spectrum Analysis, & Readout Instrumentation as Under
Items (4) and (5)
~4 7. ELECTROMAGNETIC (X-RAY)
CZ
(1) Soft X-Rav (2) Hard X-Ray (3) Gamm a Radiation
Duration MayBe Coherent CW, Periodic or Random Radiation @ 3 x 10-16- 3 x 10-19 Secs/Cycle
or Discrete Particles vs. Time
Ambient Day-Nicht Atmospheric & Local Nomal Background
Signal Any Levels Above Background, Time Averaged,
Steady State or Particles vs. Time
SensorsGamma Sensitive Photographic Materials - Radiation & Particle
Counters, Crystal Scintl 1 lators To
Measure Photon Flux and Energy
Readout: Spectral Content - Time Density
Averaging To Analog or Digital Data
To Chart or Magnetic Tape Recorde
rs.
8. GRAVITATW1,1
Duration Secular
Ambient
Signal
9. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
DuratIon-Sec 510 lo-1 10-4
ArnD 1 an t
Signal
Nuclear Particle
10.NATURAL AND RESIDUAL SIGNATURES
Odors
Ground Deformation
Response of Trees and Plants, Animals, Humans,
Vehicle Parts
0 1-YA ~5
Ii.SITE CHARACTERISTICS
location
Terrain
Time of Day
Weather Con ditions (Reaul red for UFO and Ball Lightning)
1 -,IT
TAB ~% 1 1
EM SPECTRUM CLASSIFICATION
ARBITRARY STANDARD USAGE BY BANDS IN WAVELENGTH -
FREOUENCY - TIME
BAND WAVELENGTH- X FREQUENCY-fcps TIME PERIOD-t Sec. EXPLANATION OR
3x108/fcps 3x10/1 (3 x O'll)-' APPLICATION
Meters Cycles/Second Second~
MP 3 x 10" 1 X to, 10-3 3 1 X 103 3.3 x 10-'
MicroPulSations-CosmiC A GeophySit
ELF 1 X to, X to, 3 3 x 10' 3.3 x 10-' 3.3 x 10-'
Extremely low Frequency - Cosmic
A
Geophysical
VI-F 4 1 X 10, 1 X 104 3 x 10' 3 x 104 3.3 x 10-1 3.3 x 10-4 Very Low
Frequency - Loncwave Radio
IF 5 1 X 104 1 X 103 3 x 104 3 X los 3.3 x 10-4 3.3 x 10-5 Low
Frequency - Longwave Radio
MF 6 j X 103 1 X 102 3 X to, 3 x 10' 3.3 x 1W' 3.3 x W' Medl m
Frequency - Broadcast Radio
HF 7 1 X ID2 1 X to! 3 x 106 3 x 10' 3.3 x W' 3.3 x 10-7 High
Frequency - Shortwave Radio
VHF 8 1 X to, 1.0 meter 3 x 10' x 10' 3.3 x jo-7 3.3 x
10-' Very High Frequency-Commercial Radi(
umr v 1.0 Meter 1 X to-,3 x 108 3 x 10' 3.3 x 1W' 3.3 x
10-" Ultra High Frequency - Radio A
Radar
(P-L),
SHF 10 1 X to-, 1 X 10-2 3 x 109 3 x 10"" 3.3 x 10-9 3.3 x 10-10
Super High Frequency - Radar (L-S-X~
EHF 11 1 X jo-2 1 X IC-3 3 x 10"` 3 x 10"" 3.3 x 10-1' 3.3 x 10-11
Extremely High Freouency - Radar
(X - K
- 0 - V)
KM 12 1 X to-, 1 X 10-5 3 x 0' 3 x 1013 3.3 x 10-11 3.3 x 10-13
Micrometric - Radio to Far Infrared
INFRARED 1 X to-, 1 X 10-1 3 X 1013 3 x 1014 3.3 x 10-13 3.3 x 10-14
Lonqwave IR & The rmal Radiation
INFRARED 1 X to-, 6.8 x 10-7 3 x 1014 4.4 x 101' 3.3 x 10-14 2.3 x 10-"Near Infrared to Visible Light
VISIBLE 6.8 X~10-7 4.2 x 10-7 4.4 x 10"4 7.1 x
1014 2.3 x 10-14 1.4 x 10-14 Visible light to Near Ultraviolet
ULTRAVIOLET4.2 x 10-7 7 x lo-7 7.1 x 0' 3 X loll 1.4 x
10-1' 3.3 x 10-15 Near UV to Far UV (Vacu~ ) c
ULTRAVIOLET1 X 10-7 1 X 10-8 3 x 101' 3 x 101' 3.3 x 10-" 3.3 x 10-16 Far UV to Soft X-Ray
Radiation 0
c
X~RAY 1 X to-, 1 X to-, 3 x 101' 3 x 1017 3.3 x 10-'6 3.3 X 10-17Soft X-Ray to Hard X-Ray & Gamma C
r_
PARTICLE COSMIC RAY >
n
E, 0 N U M
DATE: 2-18-69
TO: R. M. Wood, A-830
A-830-BB01-CPT-15
FROM: C. P. Thomas, A-833
SUBJECT: A NEW COMMUNICATION MODE
COPIES TO: J. M. Brown, D. B. Harmon, W. P. Wilson, Jr., A-830
REFERENCE:
Attached to this memorandum is a loose
discourse on the feasibility of a new
communications mode which could be a pa,-ent
or a product of a new propulsion mode.
C. P. Thomas, A-833
Advanced Concepts
WT:msb
Attachinent Noted
n,
A NEW COMMUNICATION MODE
V11th the advent of longer-range supersonic fl ight vehicles,
and the approach of,possible interplanetary travel,
communications and navigation needs play an ever-increasing role
in the system performance of any vehicle-ground ,,stem complex.
This paper examines the possibility of a new communications
navigation concept utilizing a mode of Information transfer
adapted frorn natural phenomena other than electromagnetic.
Requirements
The requirements for an ideal system would be:
1 Pol nt-to-pol nt corn.mun 1 cati ons
2. Point-to-area communications
3. Non-interference by natural phenomena
4. Range minimum and maximum practically unlimited
5. No blank regions
6. Universally utilizable
7. Low power required
8. Real-time identification
9. Real-time authentication
10.Non-interference with existing FCC allocations
11.Non-injurious
12.Compatible with natural phenomena
13.Near-infinite information transfer rate capability
14.Adaptable to existing Information source and readout
facilities without system degradation
15.Utilizable in traffic handling
16.Practically limitless traffic-handling capacity
17.Utility in all classes of communications; for Instance:
air-air, air-ground, air-submarine, submarine-submarine
18.Antenna compatibility with all types of requirements
19.Construction fea~5!b.iiity within existing hardware t
echniques
20. Communicaflorfs - Navigation - Identification modes
operable without switching off any mode, preferably as
an integrated mode
21. No degradation or interaction by use In any variation of
environment, manufactured or natural
22. Real-time- readout, and real-time transmission in any
language, based on real-time translation from any
language to any language on both readin and readout
circuits
23.Minimum possible jamrnability
24.blinimum possible error rates
25.Maximum possible error correction capability
26.Real-tirne maximum coding and decoding capability
27. If possible, the CNI system to operate in the same mode
as a propulsion mode
28. possible reliability
29.MaX'irnumachievable simplicity compatible with per
formance
req u 1 remen ts
Jj. possib l ]l ties
These requirements eliminate systems utilizing the following modes:
1 . Electricity
2. Magnetism
3. Light (Optics)
4. Heat
5. Hydraulics
6. EfectromagnetiCS
7. Nuclear Energy
8. Solar Energy,
9. Combustion
10. Sound
11. Viech an i cs
It leaves little with which to work. The two modes which possibly could
satisfy most if not all of the requirements are:
1.Gravity
2.Magnetohydrodynamics
Actually, mhd is disqualified in strict interpretation of the rules of the
game; hwiever, a combination of gravity and mind could satisfy the requ]
rements.
It cou ld be that the e 1 iminated modes cannot be uti 11 zed per se as
modes of commun i cat! on, but some may be uti 11 zed as means of
creation, control , or modulation of a mode which satisfies the most
requirements possible.
III. Discussion
It is interesting to note that the two modes most likely to satisfy the
requirements are the least understood of all forms of energy as they occur
in nature. No one yet knows why gravity "pulls". No one yet knows why the
acce)eratIon caused by the "pull" of gravity is uniform for all densities
of bodies. 0.1hat are the to;erances?) No one knows whether the "pul 111
of gravity is a field which is set up (or transmitted) at c or groater
than c. No one has vet def ined the term "mass" on a self-sustaining basis
- only by its ~ffects. No one has caused a true gravitational field to
exist.
For purposes of disc
ussing a gravitational mode of
communications, we wi set up sei~e definitions,
parameters, and hypotheses.
1. Any matter with v' mass" has a gravitational field
of its own.
2. If we concur With the concept of the Universe being a
sum. of particles, 1-hen a gravitational field in a
given piece of matter is set up by an excess of
collisionless particles emanating from the matter over
collislonless particles entering the matter and an
excess Of collision particles flowing toward the
matter over CO 1 1 i 5 i on part i c 1 es 111 ow i ng
away f reii the matter. The sum of the f lows Of col 1
isionless and col 1 ision particles in opposite
directions is equal.
3. The "`Instantaneous phenomena" exists.
There is only an indefinite newspaper reference to
phenomena measured at a speed greater than c; however, it
may be significant. The New Y6rk Times, shortly after the
first Soviet nuclear shots at Novaya Zemlya, reported the
Soviets as reporting earth-current records taken in
Antarctica of the leading-edge pulse of the shots with no
measurable.time delay from the time of the detonation. At
c the time delay would have been in the order of 0.05
second, which is discernible in terms of world-wide atomic
clock accuracy, which the Soviet earth-current scientists
claim to have had at that time. In any case, the Times
article quoted the Soviet scientists as stating that there
was an "instantaneous effect" phenc>,nenc>n with no
discernible time delay between Novaya Zemlya and
Antarctica, measured in earth-current flow effects alone.
If we accept the "`Instantaneous effect" phenomena as reported
by the Soviets, then an analysis or a hypothesis as to the
cause Is in order. Incidentally, the Soviet report as stated
in the Times also stated that all Soviet earth-current
recording stations the world over recorded the same
"instantaneous effect" electrical phenomena.
It Is Interesting to note the comparative status of
earth-current facilities beh.ieen the Soviet and U.S.A. at
that time: there were 30 known earth-current recording
stations in Russia proper alone, not counting those known to
be In Siberia, Antarctica, and in seagoing ships. There were
only 3 stations in the entire North American continent.
Before exploring a hypothesis for the cause of an
"instantaneous effect however, let us repeat hypothesis fl3:
There is an instantaneous phenomenon in the organization of
natural energy.
There is a remarkable similarity of organizations of matter of
different magnitudes having their own gravitational fields, if
we took at known organizations from the atorn through the
supergalaxy. Included In this fami ly are the atom, planet
with radiation belts, blue-white star, galaxy, and
supergalaxy. Each has an Inner core and outer core, with the
inner core representing a region of low energy level, and the
outer core representing a surrounding region of high energy
level . . In these various organizations of matter *At is
evident that the outer cores represent a concentration of at
least a magnetic field; possibly also a concentration of free
electrons; and certainly a concentration of photons. In
organized matter of the particle class, including proton and
electron, the inner and outer core structure cannot be
justified except as a continuum of the hierarchy of structures
having their oan gravitational field.
Taking Into consideration these organi;,?jtions of matter
which indicate a departUre from, this hypothesis (i.e.,
~.1c~rcLry, Moon, ~,'..ars),' it is curious lo note that their
surface aravities represent a negative departure from the
expected gravitational ~ield by virtue of the surface gravity
of most of the other planets. Another curious coincidence is
the fact that none of these bodies has radiation belt7,nor an
orpanized magnetic field.
on could be that each body of these
organizations of matexp ter has a gravitational field
which is the sum of hierarchical "submatter" comprising
the organization, the "sub-matter" having Its own
tures and attendant gravitational fields. In
core struc this case, "sub-matter" refers to that
matter of
inner and outer core
R~,hlerarchicaI structure which can add up to a body as
large as a moon or planet with or without radiation
belts. The "sub-matter" follows hierarchical patterns of
organized magnetic field structure, inner and outer core
structure, and gravitational field effects.
In the cases of Mercury, Moon, and Mars, It is plain that
with the lack of an organized magnetic field, and the
assemblage of "sub-matter" with the organized fields of the
"sub-matter" in random orientation, only the gravitational
fields of the "sub-matter" are organized.
It appears that there may be emanation of an excess of
collisionless particles from the outer core of the
hierarchy of inner and outer core structures. (Mercury,
Moon, and Mars would have no such emanation on the
planetary levelJ These particles may be so small as to
approach the infinitesimal in size, and may travel so fast
as 'to approach limitless velocity. Let us call such
particles "i Is" U'!magi naries" or "infini--'. tesimals"'
travelIng near ".infinite" velocity).
Since the emanation of an excess of i's would occur only in
matter where organized magnetic fields and inner and outer
cores exist, it appears that scrie interrelationship
between these factors could hold true. The only plausible
one - although the relationshl~ may in reality be wholly
"Implausible" - would seem to be that the outer core
represents a specific location of "overcrowded" energy. The
release of energy from this overcrowded state probably
would vary from the cptical spectrum to ultraviolet,
infrared, x-ray, and possibly other photons, with different
emanations from different magnitudes of cores; hoi..,ever,
the one emanation cc>nmon to all magnitudes within the
hierarchy would be the same as that for brutinos.
A characteristic probably worth consideration is that in
the hierarchy, the smaller the outer and inner core
structure, the higher the magnetic field density.
A characteristic common. to al 1 magnitudes vilthin the
hierarchy is that inner and outer cores appear to be
consistently spherical. Further, it appears that
gravitational field effects are the same with respect to
any cores of equal size, and essentially the same in any
one body of matter in all radial directions from its
concentric cores.
Another characteristic worth mentioning Is that two
entitles of matter demonstrate a gravitational effect only
if both have inner and outer core structures, either as
prirriary to the magnitude involved within the hierarchy,
or as "sub-mat-ier" structure.
The problem of how the proton and electron fit into the
hierarchical structure is not simple. One fact, hctiever,
stands out above any conjecture: both particles have
organized, high-density Internal magnetic fields.
T
Since no simple concentration of any magnetic field at
the highest experienced density has ever produced a
gravitational field, we may assume that the
gravitational field of a proton or electron Is produced
by a formation camon to larger magnitudes in the
gravitational hlerarchy: the inner-outer core structure.
It may be that hIgh-density magnetic fields do emanate
Ps, but not in an organized fashion, and that the
outer-inner core structure Is the only one which
emanates i's predominantly as if from a point source,
thereby creating a gravitational field. . If true, this
is further argument for the existence of the outer-inner
core structure in a proton and electron.
In any inner-outer core structure within the hierarchy
from atom to supergalaxy, the presence of radiation
belts can be argued as a part of the total structure
contributing to the existence of outer and inner cores.
However, radiation belts cannot be part of the structure
leading to outer and inner cores of the proton and
electron as they evidently are In structures only from
atomic upward. We must look for some other natural
phenomenon which is beyond the scope of this paper.
However, if we are to tie together the Instantaneous
effect, Soviet earthcurrent recordings, and i's, it
would appear that a nuclear detonation with its
mass-energy interchange relationships would produce a
leading edge pulse reflecting a change in !-production
balance in the hierarchlcal balance.
Since the transfer is from mass to energy, It involves a
loss of gr avitational fields (or, a loss of
!-production) in the amount of time necessary for the
transfer to take place. The very first loss would be
concurrent with the first atorn's interchange from mass
to energy. The loss would have an effect on every member
of the inner-outer core 11producing hierarchy. It might
be said that the entire balance of the universe is
affected,"especially if i's do exist and do travel at
nearinfinite velocities.
The effect on electrons would be noted in earth-current
activity as an "Instantaneous" earth-current effect.
If we proceed on the basis of inner-outer core structure
from the atom upward, then an orderly picture can be
drawn. Each magnitude within the hierarchy represents a
trapped magnetic field, and trapped belts of protons and
electrons, in balanced trapping action. If i's are
emanated from outer cores, then the organized trapped
magnetic field could be the supplier of particles from
which i's are shed; and the radiation belts serve as
trapping agents to trap more magnetic field particles
from the background field to replace -;-hat part of the
trapped field lost in being shed as i's. It appears
that, normally, a steadystate balance is maintained; for
instance, in a planet, the trapped magnetic field, the
trapped radiation belts, the inner-outer core structure,
the l-emanatlon, and planetary rotation would be Pite
rdepen dent. That these states are not constant is
attested to by the repeated sudden increases and
decreases In the earth's rotational velocity. The most
direct cause of rotational velocity change could be a
change In
background magn'etic field density, which would lead to a
change In trapped field density. Commensurate with any
such change would be a change In I-emission from the outer
core, or a change In 9.
In smal ler formations in the hierarchy - such as atoms
and molecules a change In the background magnetic field,
or a change in orbital speed of electrons, or a change in
density of inflowing !Is, could change the electron flow
structure of any associated assemblage of electrons.
IV. A Possible Example: ESP (Equilibrium System Perception)
If a communication mode already exists in nature utilizing
a gravity system, we possibly could find it in that
portion of mammalian physiology which is dependent upon
gravity for its continuous and successful operation.
In the human being, there is only one sense which does not
use a transducer: the equilibrium system. The eye
transforms optical wave lengths to energy suitable for
conduction along the optic nerves; the ear system
translates audio range waves to the same kind of energy
for conduction along the auditory nerve; likewise smell,
touch,.and taste.
The equilibrium system, ho~ever, operates directly on
external energy affecting directly the energy conduction
in the equilibrium nerve from the semicircular canals to
the brain. The semicircularcanals are in reality loop
antennas, oriented in planes almost exactly at 90* to each
other; when a person is standing, there are two loops in
the vertical plane, sensing energy flowing through them
horizontally, and one In a horizontal plane, sensing
energy flowing through it vertically.
It Is a curious fact that the equilibrium system utilizes
double the antenna in a vertical plane that it does in a
horizontal plane. It suggests that available energy
signals are far more plentiful vertically than horl zontal
ly; the energy source wou ld log! ca 1 ly appear to be
gravi -tational. It appears even more log! ca 1 when cons
i derl ng that equi 11 brium system operation most
probably depends on a reference with the stability unique
to gravitation.
In birds and primates it has been demonstrated that the
equilibrium nerve which is connected to the semicircular
canals goes to the brain, thence to every muscle in the
body. The main branch of the nerve after exit froin the
brain extends. through the spinal 'cord, with every branch
extending from every vertebra traceable to every
associated muscle in the body. It affords physiological
proof of the coordination of the body depending upon a
stable reference - and no reference other than gravity
fits the Irequirement, since a constant, stable reference
with respect to the vertical is rea ' u 1 red. In humans,
however, the equilibrium nervous system is not so well
defined. The entire system through the spinal cord is
traceable; ho.wever, each branch leaving each vertebra is
so small and delicate that it defies tracing to the
associated muscle.
This difference between species explains why an anthropoid
can habitually perform outstanding feats of acrobatics as
normial actions in trees,
and why birds have an excellent navigation system; their
equilibrium systems are far better developed and more
sensitive than that of the human being.
As underdeveloped and insensitive as it may be, the human
being's equi
librium system succeeds in performing itstask: to sense vertic
al and
horizontal references provided by nature,and provide a means o
f co
ordination of motor nerves and muscles toact and react properl
y, based
on the vertical and horizontal references sensed.
The operation of the equilibrium system depends, then, on the
stable reference - presumably gravity - providing a constant
signal which Is sensed by the equilibrium loops (semicircular
canals). Any movement of any portion of the body is
accomplished by coordination of intent and muscle action with
the stable.equilibrium signal providing the reference upon
which the movement Is based and accomplished.
There seems to be no physiological nor neurological reference
which shows or explains which part of the brain or medulla
obiongata which is responsible for the equilibrium function.
From the meager information available, it must be tentatively
concluded that there Is no function in the brain and medulla
which is without parallel or integrated structure and
function with the equilibrium nervous system.
Suppose that the reference signal (which vie are postulating
to be gravitational) is not solely a stable signal - that it
is modulated with information which may be incoherent,
coherent, or both. The means of modu lation may be
disregarded for the moment; we are concerned primarily with
the possibility of existing modulation.
If there is coherent information, it could be received and
ignored inasmuch as body control would depend on the stable
reference only. On the other hand# i,f there is coherent
information, it could be received, detected, and used.
Reception and detection would conceivably be so subtle to the
person involved that the received intelligence would appear to
be his own thoughts. If there is reception of coherent
information, this could be the reason that the fact of
reception is not recognized nor accepted as a normal part of
mammalian and animal kingdom ccrnmunications.
One curious occurrence which indicates a high degree of
veracity in the gravitational-equilibrium postulate was the
behavlor of the animals in the Tacoma Zoo during the onset of
the Alaskan earthquake. Within all limits of accuracy
possible, it was determined that at the time of onset of the
quake - before the initial seismic pulse had time to leave the
local area - the Tacoma Zoo animals sensed a major disruption,
and started a vocal disturbance at fortissimo level, making
the Zoo sound like a concurrent source of all bedlams in
history. The most interesting fact of this racket was the
aspect of its orderliness: the birds With the highest
navigational sense (ducks and geese) started their wi ld
honking first; then natural progression foliaved down the
scale, with the animals of lowest navigational sense joining
the disharmony last. Clearly their usually stable reference
had been disturbed, and they were complaining.
0 1JP
L S
The Tacorna Zoo authorities have stated that the animals
react in this manner to every earthquake, but that the
Alaskan quake evidently provided them with cause for the
most severe vocal demonstration in the Zoo's history. The
manifestation of disturbance was not entirely vocal, as the
animals also ran about frantically, and the birds flew
about as ,if trying to escape from an unseen assailant.
If Indeed this mode of reception exists, and includes
coherent information., there should be a method for
bringing it out In the open for observation and testing.
This has been done.
V. Development and Experimentation With the Human Link
If the coherent information includes information in the
English language (including numerical informatlon), then
our instrument can be constructed to utilize those factors.
If the equilibrium system honors a stable reference, then
possibly it could be made to honor coherent information
content in the reference. Since all muscular coordination
and action is based on the reference provided through the
equilibrium system, then perhaps muscle action can be made
to act on the coherent infomation. For instance, if it Is
sensed that an "a" is received, then the finger could be
instructed by the coordinated motor system to point to an
"a" on a chart.
To make the finger, hand, and arm, obey 3-dimensional
Instructions to point to any letter is unnecessary, since
we can put all letters and digits on a chart in one plane.
The chart can be slippery; and a sliding instrument placed
on the chart, with a f inger on the sliding instrument, so
that the hand and fingers need move in two dimensions only.
It was found that the best sliding instrument is a sma! 1
I'jiager" glass, inverted which has an indentation in the
base in which a fi~gerti-p will rest. T~e angle of the
sides of the glass provides a structure which wil 1 resist
tipping over from the horizontal force supplied through the
fingertip.
The chart should be made so that the maximum movement
efficiency can be utilized. It was decided at first that an
alphabetlical circle was best; later, it was modified to an
ellipse.
It was further hypothesized that if coherent ihforTnation
exists as a modulated portion of the stable (gravitational)
reference, then it would be identical for any number of
persons in inmediate proximity to each other; therefore, If
two or three persons were to operate as concurrent
receivers, each with a finger on the inverted glass, the
strength of the received signal could be multiplied by the
number of persons contributing.
On the very first trial , it was found that there is
literally a plethora of intelligent information available
through this method, that there are uncountable constant
sources of Infoniation. Since authentication of both source
and information was impossible, the experiment was
continued based on observation alone, without judgment as
to the source or content. The time of these experiments
vias in April, 1965.
Unauthenticated information was received from locations
indicating ranges up to hundreds of mi 11 i ons of 1 i
ght-years away . If the source location were correct, the
instantaneous link indicated a mode of communication
approaching infinite velocity, - many magnitudes greater
than - c, in any case. When the link was utilized as a
two-way link, the indication of this phenomena was even
stronger, as conversation ran back and forth with no
apparent lag where, by the concept of c, such a link would
be impossible.
It was decided that Inasmuch as a reception was made, a
transmission had been made, and that a controlled test
should be performed. First,however, requirements should be
established for being a good receiver, and for a good
transmitter.
From the small experience up to April 1965, we had learned
that the best description of a good receiver is a person
who has found his inner peace. One who has learned that
concern and worry are not the same; who has found
minute-to-minute, hour-by-hour, day-by-day,
month-by-month, yearby-year ways of meeting everything,
ranging from happiness and joy to boring normalcy to
extraordinary adversity with calm acceptance, gaining
victory when necessary; accepting failure when
unavoidable, and turning it to success whenever possible.
It takes a relaxed mind and body to be a good receiver.
A good transmitter is a person who can think one thought '
, excluding all other thoughts, even from his
subconscious, without thinking himself into doing so.
Top-flight lecturers and show people have this quality
persons like Danny Kaye and Johnny Carson are good
transmitters. They hold their audiences because their
conscious and subconscious (through the equilibrium
system) transmit identical messages concurrently. The
conscious message, of course, is vocal.
A person who is both a good transmitter and receiver has
the capability of switching functions and attitudes
instantaneously as necessary.
Our first step was to train two receivers. Two teenagers
were chosen; a boy 15, and a girl 14. The training
Involved using a third person (male, age 45) as
transmitter. This person would transmit to any person
anywhere (who would identify himself) and the person would
transmit back, with the teenagers re-ceiving the message.
It was noted day by day that they would move the inverted
glass over the comunication alphabet faster and faster,
until finally they could not move the glass as fast as
they could detect what they received. At that point they
discarded the glass and merely voiced the received message
concurrently with reception of the message.
Through a 1 1 of thi s trai n! ng i t was deci ded that
authenti cati on of the fink was to be avoided. It was
found that any attempt to authenticate Usually resulted
in jamming the link, and entered sufficient doubt in
the mind of the receiver such as to seriously hamper
his ability to receive. We discovered that ca~ple-te
faith in the success of the method is a requirement for
successful training - both on the part of the receiver
and transmitter.
9
V 1Testi ng
At the end of a two-week training and practice perlod It
was decided that a closed~rocm, controlled factual link
test was in order. It was decided that the simplest
information was to be utilized: card suits.
Frcrn a deck of cards, the four aces were removed. The Ace
of Spades was discarded, as the spade in the center was
large and ornamented. The deuce of spades was removed. The
four cards then were placed face up, side by side, in
2-spade, A-heart, A-diamond, A-club order. The remainder
of the deck (47 cards) was shuffled and placed face down.
A Y' x V' white card with a 112" diameter hole cut in the
canter was used by the transmitter.to sight through at the
upturned card face suit symbol to be transmitted.
The transmitter sat in the living room. on a couch, with a
card table in front of himself, with the cards arranged as
described above. He faced the dining room, with the
receiver sitting at the dining room table, about 12 feet
away from the transmitter, with tho back of the receiver
facing directly toward the transmitter.
The transmitter would draw a card, mentally note the suit.
and set the card dawn, face down. He 'then would sight
through the holed 511 x 711 card at the suit symbol of the
corresponding sui-t of the four face-up cards. His vision
included only the whiteness of the Y1 x P card, the hole
in the card, the suit symbol, and the surrounding white
area of the face-up card made visible by the hole-card. As
soon as the transmitter established within hiri,-:;elf
that he was trl--,iismitting properly (excluding all other
thoughts but 'the image of the card suit being observed),
he said "now". The time interval betweon drawing the card
and 11nowly was usually 3 to 5 seconds. As soon as the
transmitter said "now", the receiver stated one word: the
name of the suit being received.
By this method, 42 out of the 47 cards were trant,mitted
and received correctly, the correct suit being stated
correctly by the receiver on the first try. The 5 missed
ones were analyzed by the transmitter to be errors on his
part: he had allowed extraneous throughts to clutter his
transmission. Each time an error was made, without
knowledge of the receiver, the suit was retransmitted,
making it tppear as if a new card had been turned. On each
of the 5 first-try errors, the second try was correct.
The Interesting fact about the second tries was lhat the
receiver knew they were second tries in spite of the
efforts 'to mask the fact. It was realized afterward that
the receiver should have-known in spite of whatever
masking attempts were made.
A simplification of the odds for 42 out of 47 successes
would be that the odds in favor of the successes would be
1 otjl of.~42.
SO, it would appear that there is- a cc,-r~,runica,tic)rj
link which is capable of transmission and reception of at
least simple factual information. In this case, there were
5 errors out of 47 bits (10.6141), which is well within
known error correction techniques.
1
0
D C1
The degree of-authentication by this technique lends some
credence to the reception of messages from sources on an
instantaneous basis which should have involved from minutes
to megayears delay, for it was the daily practice with links
at light-minutes to light-years range which developed the
capability of the receiver to receive factual information and
read it out conscious ly.
In all of man's experience in physics, engineering, and
psychology, the propagation velocity of a gravitational field
has never been determined. nor has it been determined as to
what generates the field. It could be (although it may not
be) instantaneous. In all of man's experience in. physics,
engineering, and psychology, never has he encountered any
proven instantaneous phenomena.
VII.Discussion of Manufactured link
If indeed the instantaneous phenomena does exist, then the
only reasonable postulation as to the means for its existence
would be through modulation of instantaneous gravity fields.
If this is so, then the task Is: first, generate a
gravitational field; and second, modulate the field.
If an experiment were set Cip in order to attempt modulation
of a gravitational field, It would have to include apparatus
generating a gravitational field and apparatus with which to
modulate the field. The first try would use humans as
receivers; if successful, a receiver would be constructed to
supplant the humans as receiver.
Generation of the gravitational field would be accompI ished
as much as possible in a manner similar to nature: with an
inner and outer core. A hol low sphere of soft iron could
serve as the outer core; two coi Is of wire, one above the
north pole, one below the south pole, both carrying D-C to
establish a trapped field common to both and the iron outer
core; for an inner proton belt. A glass "doughnut" filled
with H2, and capacitor plates on the inside and outside
radii, the inside charged positively and the outside charged
negatively; and for the electron belt, an evacuated tube
containing a heater coi 1, obtaining free electrons through
thermionic emission.
On the D-C magnetizing current passing through the north and
sou th coils, voice modulation can be' impressed, which wi 1
1 modulate the trapped magnetic f ield'. which in turn should
modulate both charged belts, and hopefully the gravitational
field genera-fed in the outer core.
The dimensions of the setup could be such that the entire
assemblage could fit on a table top; the financial
dimensions, however, might not fit within existina
limitations.
BY so doing it would be possible to du ' plicate (with much
stronner signal
strengths) communication as it exists in mammals on the direct
mind~tc~
mind level; voice-direct-to~.-.lind communications, using a
manufactured
transmitter with the voice; and control led communications at
unlimited
ranges with other civilizations. (it can be shown, with the
assumption
that the universe is bounded, that the existence probability
of civil iza
tiOns other than ours approaches 100%.
Dn
It should be stressed that in m!nd-to-mInd communications,
most links attempting to deal with factual information fall.
It appears that if one end of the link is regarded as the
interrogator and the other the responder, the responder
often responds to interrogations with a wishfully true
answer rather than a factual one. It has been found that the
mind-to-mind link is loaded with wishful thoughts and
jamming influences such as pretenders, impostors,
interrupters, kidders, and just plain liars. If this type of
communication is to be utilized, it will need much refine
ment over the present mode of utilization (mind-to-mind). It
can be expected that with controlled transmissions and
receptions, the transmitter (and interrogator) will be
authenticatable as much as they are in pre-. sently used
electromagnetic systems; and reception will afford much
higher selectivity, and will be less subject to broad
spectrum jamming.
Vill.Some Communication Samples
In communicating with many sources at many different ranges,
a variety of topics was covered which could fill pages on
subjects from sociology, government, economics, warfare,
crime, and medicine to engineering and science.
A very few of the communications dealt with space ships,
their operation, and their construction. Most of those
contacted were reluctant to talk about these subjects.
The few times we were able to enter communications with
anyone willing to discuss any mathematics involved In
space-propulsion, the link was unmercifully jammed by
unknowns, indicating that there are those who deem it our
task to find our o,.,4n solutions.
Some of the more interesting communications are summed here:
1. One source who stated that he was from another
universe discoursed quite freely about their space
ships and space travel.
It was made quite clear that he did not mean another
galaxy or supergalaxy. He stated that he knew of our
planet and had been by several times, never having
landed. He stated that it took about 5 of our days to
travel here from his universe, using normal cruise
speeds; that with top speed it could be accomplished in
3 days.
He stated that the rotor (propeller) in the ship is
about 3 feet In diameter.. with 4 arms, and flattened
tear-drop shaped magnets at the end of each arm. (it
could have been that he meant high permeability material
rather than permanent magnets.) He further stated that
advanced ships accomplish the same thrust with 2-foot
diameter rotors,. The rotor arms are hollow, with rods
going to the magnets, and a pitch control mechanism
rotatina the magnets. The magnets change pi'tch with
rotation of the control mechanism in the rods. Accelera
tibn and speed of the ship ~.,,ere controlled solely by
pitch control of the magnets.
12
1
VA
He also stated that the power relationships in the
operation of their ships were contrary to our
concepts of power. His power equation was:
pt = p p + p r + p i + p e + p f
where:P t = Total power Into the ship
P p = Powerrequired to propel the ship
p r = Powerrequired to rotate the rotor
p = Power for instrumentation
P e = Powerfor all other equipment
p f = Powerfor overcoming friction
He stated that if we regard the total power input as the
volume going through a cylinder, with the rotating
magnets drawing the power through the cylinder only in
the volume covered by rotation of the magnets, and that
power being drawn through doing the work of drawing the
remainder of the power through inside the radius of
rotation*of the magnets, we would understand. The power
being drawn through by the power drawn through by the
magnets then could be tapped for propulsion, rotor
drive, friction losses, and other power requirements.
He stated that "tapof fs" of power passing through the
cylinder in that part of the radius between the center
shaft and magnets was accomplished by conductor rods
angling down and out of the cylinder, drawing the power
out the rods. The best reconstruction possible of his
description indicates that these rods are placed with
their top ends at 300 to the rotor shaft.
He also stated that the 3 balls under most scout
ships were where propulsion power is fed out which
is summed vectorially, and it is common to ships
built by civilizations in primary stages of space
ship building.
He indicated that a ring output method of power is more
advanced. The pilot has a control stick which can be
vertical, or tipped in any direction toward a circular
limit. The output of the ship is from a ring in the
bottom of the ship which is segmented and integral with
the ship's shell, the output being in the direction of
tip of the control stick and in a magnitude commensurate
with the degree of tip of the control stick.
This method of propulsion power output was stated to
be more efficient as it gave a direct directional
output, whereas the 3-ball output method involved
vector summing of outputs from each ball; the latter
was sald.to involve losses through the vector
summing process.
13
2. Many different sources talked about their metallurgy. In the
main,
It was within our knowledge. There was one source, however,
which
talked about a total ly different concept of metallurgy. He
stated
that they made their own atoms, constructing them
concentrically.
It had to be accomplished on planets or moons without
radiation belts,
with great "guns" firing the atoms at an accumulator. Through
making
concentric atoms they can construct extremely light metals
with an
excellent balance of strength, malleability, and brittleness
by vir
tue of being able to construct the central atom with far
fewer neu
trons than normally required for the total number of protons
in both
the outer and inner atoms.
Through this method, it was stated, they are able to
make absolutely pure light metals with higher tensi le
strength and less brittle than we ever could through any
alloy making methods we have.
He also stated that their mother ships whi le in space
manufacture oxygen and nitrogen atoms from particles
gathered In space; are totally self~sufficient and never
need to land.
3. One source told us of mother-ship building facilities on
Saturn. He stated that there are virtually no trees on
that planet, that civi:lization there is almost
completely based on metallurgy. They can, for instance.
make a tuba in a fraction of the time we require, with
far superior workmanship. He stated that they have
outdoor factories, ever 50 mi les long, to bul ld mother
ships 50 mi les long. The factory is a deep open trench
dug in the ground, surveyed accurately so that the
curvature of Saturn is eliminated. He stated that the
power plant for a mother ship was a number of power
plants used in the scouts operating In paral let.
He stated that the most difficult part of laying out a
factory was to establish one straight line over the
50-mile length, since it was a 3-dimensional problem
fraught with optical aberrations. He also stated that
they only had three such factories on the entire planet.
An Interesting sidelight to this description of
factories on Saturn is that there are many reports of a
single sighting of a UFO of a lcigar shape" type off the
coast at Los Angeles which calculations showed to be a
minimum of 20 and a maximum of 50 miles long.
4. One communication was with a source who stated that he
was In a galaxy 5.4 mil lion light years from us. He
stated that c was merely another boundary through which
it is possible to pass.
5. One communication was with a source who stated that he
was In another galaxy which you cat 1 Andromeda". He
stated that "c is Earth's coffin" inasmuch as when it
becomes necessary to leave our planet we
w1 11 not knew how since we wi 11 not have cG,,nquered
c. He emphasized the point that in communicating as we
were we were proving that c could be conquered. (By our
standards, not proof.)
He stated that the smallest particle in the universe is
an infinitesimal which travels at near infinite speed.
VAT E 14
6. Many descriptions of many ships were given. One type,
an umbrel lashaped affair with an indented center on
top and a plane-surfaced bottom, was said to be 8, Q,
and 16 ft diameter shapes.
Other ships were described as 35, 45, and 75 feet in
diameter. The 75-foot ship was the smallest described
which was said to be capable of interstellar travel.
Ships not circular horizontally ranged from a few
hundred yard.5 long to 50 miles long.
There was-only one ship encountered In all
ccx-,munications which was privately owned, and
described as one mile long, and owned by a man who
owns a space ship factory in a planetary system other
than the solar system. The ship was his "private
yacht".
7.Many varied and thorough descriptions of other civilizations,
1
economics, governments, religions, educations, and
social structures were received, even to various
structures of organization In crime. These subjects
alone could fill a book.
IX. Some Second Order Unexplained Communications
In many samples of communicating with unauthenticatable
sources, It was apparent that it is possible to
communicate with persons who have deceased. The length of
time elapsed since death seems to have no bearing on the
ability to communicate.
It appears possible for that portion of a person which
survives after death to travel In time., for such as the
case in many commun i cations. Some vivid descriptions of
past events were given through this means-;
Perhaps the most significant cause for pursuing this
aspect of communications was the strong indication of an
entirely new concept in particle physics, if indeed we
live in a particle-based universe. The closest approach
this writer has seen toward a rational analysis is in
Terletskil "Paradoxes in the Theory of Relativity".
There are several approaches which could apply to a
solution:
1. Infinitesimals 01s) traveling at near-infinit.e velocity;
2. Imaginary mass particles;
3. Negative mass particles.
The imaginary mass particle would seem to be the particle
best suited to to time travel.
Forany particle, according to Terletskii (p.82)
P E " U
C.
C2M2= ~2 p7 E2 E2 u2
C2 C4
M2 = E2E2 U2
4 ...........
c C
where P = momentum
E = energy
M =proper mass, a 4-dimensional invariant
representing a a natural generalization of
Newtonian mass
u = velocity
If U >c.-
then M2 < 0, meaning that proper mass is an imaginary
quantity.
According to Terletskil (p.82), "we have come to the
conclusion that it is physically admissible for particles
to exist with an imaginary proper mass and move with
velocities higher than the velocity of light."
Further, Terletskil says (p.106-7): "IS IT POSSIBLE TO
DETECT PARTICLES WITH IMAGINARY MASSESV'
"We have al-ready seen that particles of imaginary mass do
not carry negentropy and therefore cannot be used as
signals. Thus, it appears that they cannot be detected at
all and that they are in this sense unobs.ervable objects.
However, in talking about particles of negative mass, we
have already seen that objects exist which cannot be
detected by orginary instruments, but which can be found
with the help of measuring devices of a fundamentally new
type. We should therefore examine the possibility of the
existence of special instruments capable of detecting
particles of imaginary mass.
Since the systematic detection of absorption or emission
of particles of imaginary mass would.lead to the violation
of the second law of thermodynamics, we must reject the
possiblity of the construction of. a device capable of
detecting a particle of imaginary mass at a given point.
This does not mean, of course, that we completely deny the
possibi lity of detecting any effect due to a particle of
imaginary mass at a given point, since there is no
prohibition on the occurrence of fluctuations in which
such particles can collect at one point, the second law of
thermodynamics being violated locally, thus leading to the
operation of an instrument of the usual type.
Although instruments detecting a particle of iri-,aglnary
rnass at a given Point are forbidden, instruments
detecting the emission of such a
1
6
VATE
particle at one point and its absorptlon at another
point as a single event are not. Thus. for example, If
a particle of imaginary mass carries an electric
charge, then the process of its emission by particle A
and its absorption by particle B can be detected in
nuclear emulsions from the track left by particle A
before it emits the particle of
.imaginary mass and the track of particle B formed
after the absorption of the particle of imaginary
mass. In other words, It appears possible that we can
register the process of charge exchange between
charged and neutral particles involving a particle of
imaginary mass (i.e., the process which is commonly
considered as a process In which a virtual particle
is exchanged).
Consequently, particles of imaginary mass can be
experimentally detected in principle, although only
with the help of special instruments or special
experiments in which the processes of emission and
absorption of such particles ar e detected
simultaneously."
The point which became most significant to us who were
training the teenage subjects was that their unique
factual proficiency resulted from unquestioning
practice in communicating with sources claiming to be
multi-millions of light years away, with no
discernible time delay involved.
X. Language
Communication with distant unauthenticatab)e sources,
although always accomplished in English, almost without
exception provided an interesting facet in language.
All sources, of any distance and age, preferred and
attampted to communicate using the Greek alphabet
symbols, both capital and small letters. The symbols
represent phrases which are 'Irephrasable" as applied
within different contexts, and apparently represent a
universal language, which is best termed as prehistoric
Mayan. The vestiges of this language are apparent in
Polynesian tongues, American Indian, Eskimo., Yakut
(spoken by the Oriental Uighur tribe of Turkey), Greek,
and in northern India tribal tongues.
CONCLUSIONS
1.The development of mind-to-mind communications as a means of study
of the gravitationa * 1 phenomena is practicable within
social and
business limitations only to a certain point; that point
has been
reached. Further devel ' opment is possible,"i.e., to a
point of vocal
real-time readout and near-100% factual reliability;
however, it
would require a real isolation from society and business
associa
tions, and a basic research philosophy; the persons
involved also
would require training of their families in order to
maintain the
gains realized during company training.
2. Were probability theory employed, it is this
writer's estimation that it would show dravity
fields to be 1) the most likely basis for
mind-to-mind com-munications, and 2) the most
likely means for satisfyIng the requirements of
the ideal CNI System.
F.0
17
D 0 ',.,; 01 - A C- ~A T E
3. Were a gravity-CNI System developed, it would
automatically offer a gravitational field propulsion
system as a byproduct.
4. This dissertation is at best a qualitative and
conceptual speculation concerning the possibility of
technologically leapfrogging into the optimum CNI
System, rather than slowly evolving into It through
years of modification engineering.
Actuality can be reached only through sound,
quantitative research and development. The highest
probability approach for successful transition from
concept to sound engineering would be through applied
mathematics with a concurrent experimental program.
5. This writer Is of the opinion that a gravity-modulated
CNI System is feasible In hardware,' be it through
infinitesimals or imaginary mass particles.
C. P. Thornas
Advanced Concepts
Terletskil, Yakov P., Paradoxes In The Theory Of Relativity, Plenum
Press, New York, N.Y. 10011, library of Congress Catalog Card Number
68-19185, 1968
AS WAT OE'
Douglas - 1967-04-18 - JM Brown's Kinetic Particle Theory of Physics.pdf
Douglas - 1967-08-14 - Space Propulsion Concepts.pdf
Douglas - 1967-12-20 - Proposal for Electrostatic&Magnetic Experiments.pdf
Douglas - 1968-02-14 - Current Preferred Propulsion Concept.pdf
Douglas - 1968-05-02 - Advanced Vehicle Concepts Research (Presentation).pdf
Douglas - 1968-06-27 - Proposed Vehicle R&D Program (Project BITBR).pdf
Douglas - 1968-08-01 - Barbara J Hickox Interview.pdf
Douglas - 1968-08-22 - Gravity Amplification (GA) Propulsion System.pdf
Douglas - 1969-02-18 - A New Communication Mode.pdf
Douglas - 1969-06-03 - Field Data Acquisition Requirements.pdf
Douglas - 1969-06-18 - Memo from Stanton Friedman requesting info on Vehicles etc.pdf
Douglas - 1969-07-18 - Light & Magnetic Field Experiment.pdf
Douglas - 1969-09-16 - Recommended Tasks for Advanced Concepts.pdf
Douglas - 1969-09-17 - Fundamental Constants of Physics (1 - Speed of Light).pdf
Douglas - 1969-12-02 - Electron Gas Analogy Experiment.pdf
Douglas Aircraft - UFO Reports.pdf
Douglas Aircraft - Wilsons Notes.pdf
IUR Article Bob Wood and Condon.pdf
